Communications Journal Essay

Write a 700- to 1,050-word journal entry in the narrative style. Refer to this week’s readings to inform your responses. Describe the flow of information in your company. In your journal, discuss the following: The intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational, and intercultural levels of communication within your company How information travels up, down, and across your organization and how it relates to the basic communications model The functions of the Y hierarchy of managerial communications. Does it apply to your organization’s communication hierarchy? A comparison of at least three managerial communication approaches you have observed in your organization At least three potential barriers to effective communications that exist in your company Format your journal entry consistent with APA guidelines. Information flow within an organization is just one key element to any organizations success. During this entry I will be describing the communication levels of Cubic, which is currently the organization that I work for. How that information flow from top to bottom, and the communication of the upper level management. I will also be comparing three managerial approaches within the company that I have observed, and three potential barriers to the communication within my organization. The intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational and intercultural levels of communications are all on display within the Cubic organization. There are multiple Taff’s within building 990 on Fort Irwin providing the same product for the government. Each Taff is comprised of six to nine personnel who are continuously communicating to provide a product for the government. Interpersonal communication is continuously conducted within each group so that nothing ever falls between the cracks. Indi viduals are always communicating with themselves due to the constant mission changes and be able to adapt to change quickly. There is a very diverse workforce here also, mostly all retirees but from many different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. As mentioned previously we generally work in small groups and communicate like one. It is almost like every Taff is its own little click,  we talk about others and they talk about us. So outside of our Taff we can generally be considered rivals in a matter of speaking. Information travels generally in one direction from our customer (Government) to us. There are occasions when we have a little say so in the actual product but for the most part it is a one-sided show. We have the Government, site manager Paul Zamora, our Taff Lead is Clarence Butler, and then there is the Taff. Generally the government provides Paul with marching orders that are eventually passed to out Taff lead Mr. Butler and we perform the tasks necessary to meet the quota of the government. The channel used is generally internet from the sender (government) to the Taff, via site manager and t aff lead. The feedback would be the product produced by the individuals working in the taff, and as long as the product meets the standards of the sender all is in good working order. The functions of Y Hierarchy of managerial communications do exist within this organization. Our manager is continuously creating and encouraging a wonderful work environment and providing opportunities for employees to take the initiative and self-direction. Management is always looking for new ways for employees to make significant contributions within the organization. Behavioral, empowerment, and contingency are the three managerial communication approaches that I have observed within the organization that I currently work for. Empowerment is the distribution or entrustment of power or authority to his or hers subordinates within an organization. Generally used when upper management is out of work for certain amount of time. Empowerment also encourages the employees to get more involved with the organization. The contingency approach is seen a lot in our Taff, Mr. Butler knows that there is more than one way to skin a cat and whichever way produces the best result is generally the path that is taken. This is probably the approach seen mostly around the Cubic organization because of the results that are produced. Behavioral approach comes with trust and individual character. Managers have been seen trusting and respecting the employees more now than ever due the product that the taffs put out for the military customer. Personality, emotional, and physical are the three potential barriers to effective communication within the Cubic organization. Everyone here has their own personality and that can sometimes create an issue throughout the  business day. Individuals are loaded with many traits that create personal attitudes, approaches, angles, quirks and different views on the world. There are many occasions in which this trait has stalled communication between two individuals and in some case hurt the overall product. Emotional barriers can be the worst. There are many individual at cubic that let things go straight to the head and forget that we are at the workplace. Emotions should not be brought to work with you at all, you should be able to brush things off and move on with the job. Managers are often seen using a softer touch to get through to the individuals with emotional issues. Physical barriers are one of the most common around my work place. There are many occasions that we are working with a wall between co-workers and with communication being the key to our success problem will generally arise on occasions. We have made complaints on many occasions with the same results â€Å"deal with it†.

Marketing Samsung Essay

The transformation from a low end to a world class company, Samsung has grown with an electrifying portfolio. ’Next is what’ tag line for all the Samsung mobiles defies its competitors,making them strive more to compete. The underpinning business orientation aids the company to play the market race easily. The coordination between the products and sales is balanced and composed that the net sales mend at a high speed. Samsung targets to capitalize profitability by ensuing an effective marketing mix. A healthy competition is always considered to be one of the most attractive driving sources to triumph. Samsung faces several industrial aspirants, but is significantly distinguished with its marketing management tasks. The company follows a core strategy to keep glowing in the sprint. Superior performance through differentiation providing consumer value, managing lowest deliver cost acts as the imperative competitive advantages. ? The direct competitor targets for Samsung are, Put the companies name like iphone, nokia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ all its important competitors logo Samsung has a strong infrastructure with all the necessary requirements, producing wide range of well recognized products globally. The company puts its higher investment on R&D, thereby building technologically driven niche products. It establishes a brand value , providing greater yields than its competitors. The fast changing company entices young brains by providing fascinating pay, bonuses and incentives as a token of recognition. Samsung has large resources as a powerful work force, who are given full freedom to explore and innovate advancement in technologies and development. The business targets the specific market and creates a revolution, with its high margin products all over the world. With joint investments, the business is customer and market oriented. The brand power creates value chain that integrates competencies of all areas.Samsung positions itself as the digital technology leader, contends with other leading companies by appointing Olympic gold medalist Abinav Bindra and Actor Aamir khan, as its brand ambassador for it consumer electronics business and mobile phones respectively. Samsung meets every challenge, with high investment, with expertise in technology and marketing. Internally, Samsung maintains its own controlled strategy to stay competitive.

Cell Phones vs. Land Lines Rough Draft

Home phones have limited eaters such as call forwarding, caller identification, vocalism, and of course free long distance. On the other hand, cell phones have a wide variety of features including but not limited to text messages, Internet, camera, e-mail, and application downloads, etc. These cell phones are also known as smart phones or Pad's. Home phone lines are good for DSL Internet connection, home security systems and faxes. Personally those are the only reasons we have a landlines In our home.Another difference between the two Is pricing, depending on the type of cell phone and the ATA package that your phone requires they can be more expensive, while your landlines has one monthly bill. Cell phones are such in demand that the local phone companies are now offering cell phone service in addition to regular home phones. While you can record music to your home phone's answering machine, a cell phone acts as a whole music system and can store hundreds to thousands of songs, depe nding on the memory on the phone.Add a memory card to your cell phone, another plus that the home phone doesn't offer, and this adds even more memory to our phone where music, photos, applications, contacts and much more can be stored. Once the memory card is removed, It can be used In another phone and so you won't lose your Information. On the other hand, reception complaints with the new Phone, and sometimes every mobile phone In the world, have made the decision to ax one's landlines less clear-cut than we thought It would be by this stage of the cell game.But as consumers continue to cut costs, more are cutting the cord. One in four homes in the U. S. Relied on cell phones alone during the last half of 2009, an increase of 1. Percentage points since the first half of 2009, according to a survey by the National Center for Health Statistics. Having a landlines means relatives and family friends can reach all members of your household (in theory) by dialing one number and/or leavi ng one message. (That's assuming voice mail in your household gets checked more than once every two months. It also means you can have several phones within your house, rather than conjoining yourself to your cell phone In order to hear Incoming calls. Landlines phones don't require you to plaster yourself against he bay window to hear and be heard. Although a landlines-based cordless phone sometimes has spotty reception If you're far from the phone's base. Relying solely on a cell phone demands diligence in keeping it charged. A landlines will work in power does require AC power, you can buy a four- to six-hour battery backup from your service provider for around $45.Verizon fiber phone service will provide you with one free. And, Consumer Reports still recommends having landlines service, because emergency services can more reliably locate you quickly from a 911 call on a landlines than from a cell phone. Based on advancements, it is reviewing that advice and may revise it later i n the year after a survey of consumers' 911 experiences. While the landlines is more reliable than the mobile phone, it lacks the ability to be carried around and utilized in all day-to-day activities.Mobile phones also provide callers with the ability to send text messages and, in some cases, take photographs, surf the Internet and play games. With cell phones, wallpapers or backgrounds can be personalized, as well as ring tones. Landlines consume more energy than cell phones, as they remain plugged in at all times. This is true of cordless landlines phones as well, because of the charger required. And while mobile phones generally do not last as long as landlines (as they often become outdated), they are easier to recycle.Mobile phones are more for people on the go, the ability to make a phone call at any time from any place have saved countless lives especially people who have been in car accidents. There are many advantages to owning a cell phone from staying connected, safety r easons and general convenience, but is that enough reason? When it comes to landlines vs.. Cell phones, landlines can't compete when t comes to features the mobile phone is way ahead when it comes to that.The downside to mobile phones is you have to keep them charged whereas a landlines you do not. When it comes down to it the deciding factor is going to be your budget if you really don't have money to spare each month, dishing out for a phone isn't going to be very helpful but if you have an extra ten dollars and you feel you could use a mobile phone for convenience or maybe to stay in touch with your spouse or children while you're out, then you might want to consider the pay as you go option.

The Future Role of Technology in Higher Education Article

The Future Role of Technology in Higher Education - Article Example On the other hand, the adoption of online services and programs has not only improved academic life in many higher education institutions but has also reduced administrative requirements as well as streamlined student registration processes. Computers and telecommunications are some of the key technologies that continue to reshape higher education. For example the rapid advances in social media, internet, CDROMs and computerized simulations have significantly affected the current learning operations in many institutions of higher learning. Generally some of the technological devices that are increasingly playing an important role in higher educational institutions include computers, phones and other sophisticated machines that all are aimed at improving human life. Although technology has largely brought transformational benefits to many institutions of higher learning, it has also resulted in new challenges some of which include disruptive innovations, high costs and other operation al challenges (Alic, 1997, p.88). Many educationists concur that the adoption of technology is an expensive process that often come with increased budgetary allocation as well as the need for time and new learning methods. Despite some of the challenges that hinder the adoption of new technologies in higher education institutions, technology will continue playing a significant role in the future of higher education particularly in the improvement of teaching methodologies, administration and academic experience. This paper critically examines the future role of technology in the institutions of higher learning and how these roles will alter learning, pedagogical and teaching methodologies. Transformative nature of technology on the future higher education learning In many higher education institutions, the use of new technologies continue transform classroom experience by enabling multi modal learning and teaching as well as enhancing the availability and use of a diverse range of o nline research materials and collaborations. Technological devices such as computers, mobile phones, I pads and tablets, are increasingly being used in schools as important aids in teaching, learning, and communication as well as in the day to day administrative functions. Additionally online tools for academic research collaborations will significantly contribute towards the improvement of academic research in many educational institutions (Mendenhall, 2011, p.24). Learning technological innovations such as the development of learning management software have also profoundly improved academic experience and are likely to continue playing a crucial role in the delivery of academic content. Similarly emerging technologies such as Cloud computing are also likely be adopted by higher education institutions in the future to improve their data storage. For example, the use of huge data stores offered by cloud computing will not only improve the computing performance but will also help ma ny higher education institutions to enhance the security of data research, academic and administrative data. The other important area of higher education learning where new technologies will continue to play a pivotal role is academic partnerships and research

Sensory Perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sensory Perception - Essay Example There is no doubt that sensory information will always often be subjected to (personal) interpretation of the individual, and these personal interpretations will most likely affect the cognitive process regardless of whether the information processed is correct or not. Fortunately there are a number of reasons to believe in the accuracy (or even in the inaccuracy) of sensory information. The first reason talks about the source of the information and the cognitive capacity of the individual to interpret the data fed to him/her. In order for an information/data to be considered accurate, it must first be received through the senses of touch, sight, sound, smell and taste. The second reason pertains to the reliability of the data/information observed. The formation of â€Å"reliable† sensory data depends on how accurate the â€Å"observation† process was, and whether it would be able to provide enough supporting facts and data that is important to sensory perception. The third reason simply states that the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of sensory information is linked to the interpretation of the brain regarding the information observed or received from the senses. Naturally the ability to correctly analyze and interpret sensory information is affected by whether your brain is considered to be healthy or not. If inaccurate data is sent to the brain and the brain is not able to analyze that there is something wrong with the information, misinterpretation would surely be the result and the view of a person about a certain issue of problem would be greatly affected. Aside from reasons to help an individual decide whether to believe that a particular sensory data is accurate or inaccurate, there are also factors that affect the quality and/or accuracy of sensory data gathered. The sensory data may be affected by objects that are external to it and the individual doing the sensory information gathering, such as amplifiers, various forms of

Evaluation of the Utilisation of Cataract Surgery Services in South Article

Evaluation of the Utilisation of Cataract Surgery Services in South India - Article Example Blindness is a major health problem in India. It has been estimated that about 12 million people are suffering from blindness in India, the dominant cause of which is cataract. Cataract accounts for nearly two-third of blind population in India. The Government of India launched National Programme for Control of Blindness in 1976 and the World Bank Assisted Cataract Blindness Control Project in 1994, with the aim to bring down the incidence of blindness from 1.4% to 0.3%. To achieve this, eye care infrastructure and human resources were developed, accessibility to eye care services were increased and quality of eye care services was improved. As a result, many cataract surgeries were performed and are being performed at various visual camps to restore vision of the affected persons. Cataract is easily treatable by surgery. Though extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) is much better than intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) in terms of outcome and patient satisfaction, not many surgeons are trained in ECCE. Also, it is much costlier and takes longer time. Consequently, a substantial part of cataract extractions are still performed as ICCEs. In a study by Nirmalan et al (2004), it has been reported that a large proportion of people who required eye care did not utilize eye care services at the time. In our study, we would like to evaluate the utilization of cataract surgery services mainly in South India and find out reasons for not utilization so that policies can be recommended to improve these health services.

Sustainability of autoclaved aerated concrete (ACC) Essay

Sustainability of autoclaved aerated concrete (ACC) - Essay Example Autoclaved aerated concrete (â€Å"AAC†), though not much known in the United States, is now one of the many building products being touted as â€Å"green† or â€Å"environmentally friendly.† This paper briefly examines the advantages and disadvantages of building with AAC, paying specific attention to the aspects of the product that may lend to its designation as a sustainable building material. ACC concrete block showing the cellular pore structure (Shi and Fouad 105) AAC is not a new building material; however it is new to United States of America. It originated from Sweden in the early years of 1920 as a result of a rise in demands of timber supplies; AAC is a lightweight building stone that is manufactured (Shi and Fouad 105). AAC is used in a large number of commercial, industrial, and residential applications. This material has been used in Europe for many decades. Also leading in the use is Middle East followed by South America and Australia. Autoclaved a erated concrete is a precast product manufactured by mixing silica, cement, lime, water, and aluminum powder, and pouring it into a mold. With respect to reinforced AAC products like roof panels, lintels, steel rebar or mesh is also placed in the mold. When added to the concrete, the aluminum powder reacts with the silica, forming millions of microscopic hydrogen bubbles (Shi and Fouad 105). The hydrogen bubbles make the concrete to expand relatively five times its original volume. The hydrogen then evaporates, leaving a tightly closed-cell aerated concrete. The now aerated concrete is cut into blocks or panels which are then steam and pressure-cured in an autoclave. Unlike traditional concrete masonry units (â€Å"CMU†), AAC is a solid material system with combined insulative and structural components, and is there in a variety of products that can be used in both load and non-load-bearing applications. Complete load bearing applications, however, are only used in low-rise c onstruction, though large panels are available to take advantage of AAC’s fire proofing, insulative and other benefits on mid and high-rise projects (Craig and Ding 102). Again, the big wall, floor, and roof panels, measuring a number of feet’s long, and feet wide, and in AAC has been used in the United States for approximately 10 years. The United States’ recent embrace of the material is likely due to, the high initial capital expenditures required in setting up domestic AAC manufacturing facilities, and the fact that, unlike many of the countries where AAC is a common product, the vast majority of residential buildings in the United States utilize timber-frame construction (Craig and Ding 102). The rest of the AAC system consists of blocks, which are stacked using thin-set mortar and not traditional cement mortar. The blocks are available in a variety of sizes and types, e.g., standard blocks, typically measuring 24 inches long, 8 inches high, and in thicknes ses between 6 and 12 inches; jumbo blocks, which reduce construction time; U-blocks, which have a channel running the length of the block that once filled with concrete, provides structural support as headers and on the top course of each floor and cored blocks, which are used adjacent to corners and openings and have a centered, 4 inch vertical core at one end of the block forming running vertical core through the wall that is then filled with rebar and concrete (Craig and Ding 102). AAC lintels with integrated structural support are also manufactured and are substitutes to using the U-block system for headers. With flexibility and combined structural and insulation components, an AAC entire structure can be made using the one material. Exterior surfaces can be finished with stucco, traditional veneers or siding, while interior walls can be plastered, painted, or left unfinished, in addition to traditional sheetrock finishes. Further, AAC is easy to use and can be cut and manipulat ed with normal wood-working tools. AAC cut down Additional Material Use and Minimizes Waste and Pollution.

The effect of mass media on children Research Paper

The effect of mass media on children - Research Paper Example Thesis Statement; The proliferation of the elements of the mass media has positive as well as negative consequences. It is important for children to be taught how to make the most out of the more positive aspects in order to benefit their own intellectual development. Different aspects of the Mass Media One of the reasons why the mass media elements can be detrimental to the psychological development of children is because they present a reality that does not really exist. For example, television is not an agent that encourages viewers to be interactive (Strasburger, Jordan, and Donnerstein, 2010). Adults may understand this; however, children are easily deceived into imagining that they are interacting and not just consuming. This can be viewed as being a negative aspect because watching television will fill the social needs of the children without giving them the chance to acquire new social skills that will help them in real life situations with other people. According to Keating (2011) the average child in developed nations watches 4 hours of television on a daily basis. Given that the child will also have to attend school and possibly perform a few chores in the home, this means that the time for playing with other children and socializing with them is drastically reduced (Romer, Jamieson, and Aday, 2003). While reading newspapers and magazines or watching entertaining programs helps a child to develop good literary skills, it may also cause he child to acquire the values and principles that are extolled on his or her favorite programs. This is particularly likely if the child in question is isolated from other children and does not really communicate with others on a regular basis except in school. This is why there is a need for a balance to be struck between watching television, playing videos, or reading popular magazines, and playing outside with other real life people (Keating, 2011). There are different theories that seek to explain how elements of the mass media affect the way that children communicate. Some of these include: The Social action theory According to this theory, when engaged in the media, children form a part of a system of mediated communication which allows them to take new meanings from the content they are watching or reading about. The theory holds that communication includes aspects such as the receivers’ interpretation, the actor’s objective, and the inherent message (Meirick, Sims, Gilchrist, and Croucher, 2009). This means that the process of communication perceived by children when they are engaged in mass media elements is not about gaining meaning, but creating it according to an individual’s understanding. Many children today do not hone their reasoning abilities through engaging in rational discussions about platonic ideas, but model them according to what mass media elements say. Even by adults, the media is greatly trusted; and presumed to be saying the truth whenever they re port on different things. For example, during campaigns leading to national or local elections, it is quite easy for a media station or major newspaper to subtly influence the decision of prospective voters in the choice of candidate to opt for by emphasizing on one candidate’

Ethical Behavior of Business Students at Rocky University Essay

Ethical Behavior of Business Students at Rocky University - Essay Example This, in turn has raised a critical concern, as the number of students graduating from the university will not acquire the required and appropriate expertise along with knowledge (Prenshaw & et al., 2001). Rocky University had been facing problems related to cheating activities due to which the Dean took the initiative of resolving this issue through conducting a survey. The Dean strongly believed that by conducting this survey, the existing ethical behavior of the business students belonging to the university could be evaluated. For this survey, 90 business students were selected from Rocky University so as to determine the proportion of students who were engaged in cheating while pursuing their degree course. From the survey conducted, it could be revealed that a total of 71 male students were engaged in cheating activity, while a total of 58 female students were involved in the same. The cheating activity mainly includes the practices of copying from internet photocopying others during exams and collaborating on the projects that had been already allocated to the students individually. This can be better understood with the help of the following tabular representation. From the above table, it can be identified that out of 90 business students surveyed in the university, 34 students have been engaged in practices of copying from the internet. Amongst these 34 students, it could be revealed that 18 male students were engaged in the practices of copying from internet and the remaining 16 female students had undertaken the similar practice. This provides an idea that the proportion of male students copying from the internet is more as compared to female students. As per the above depicted table, it can also be apparently observed that out of 90 students, a total of 46 students had copied in their exam, out of which 26 and 20 students were

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global warming - Research Paper Example Scientists predicted that the average temperatures to be experienced in the U.S. could increase by 3 to 9 degrees by the end of the century if global warming is not reduced (Simpson, 2008). Causes of Global Warming Global warming is caused when carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases pile up in the atmosphere like a thick blanket, traps the sun's heat and cause the planet to warm up. Naturally, global warming is caused by the release of methane gas from the arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane being a green house gas, traps heat in the earth’s atmosphere. On the other hand, the man-made causes include air pollution and overpopulation population. Burning of fossil fuels causes pollution in the earth’s atmosphere. Silver (2008) states that coal and oil, are examples of fossil fuels that cause air pollution. When these fuels are burnt, they emit carbon dioxide, which is a green house gas. In addition, during the mining of coal or oil, methane is also dug out as i t is naturally in the ground. High human and animal populations naturally imply the need for more food and transport. Because of these two, more fossil fuels are used which means that more greenhouse gases are released in the atmosphere. With a high population, more agricultural activities are done with the aim of increasing the food supply to the growing population. Methane is produced by manure, which is mainly used in agriculture. The increasing populations also use more cars implying an increase in the use of fuels and resultant pollution. According to Silver (2008), carbon dioxide contributes to global warming. The rising level of carbon dioxide from animals’ breaths worsens the situation. Also, Humans are destroying forests without planting more trees. Trees are valuable in the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen. The trend is worsening the global warming experienced in the earth. Global warming cause for serious concern The Union of Concerned Scientists (2010) concl uded that these effects can cause serious destructions. The effects include reduced snow accumulation due to melting glaciers, severe droughts causing more deaths and water shortage, rising sea levels leading to coastal flooding. A warmer temperature in the sea causes stronger hurricanes, which cause serious damage of property in Southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The wild fires experiences may lead to more loss of trees in the environment. Some plant destruction may lead to the extinction of some animal species because of the global warming. Warmer temperatures causing bad things to happen The increased heat and the warm condition are causing many damages in different parts of the world today. Simpson (2008) notes that the hotter conditions are causing a rise in the water levels in the sea. The melting of glaciers and ice in Antarctica and the greensands is causing the rise. The snow accumulation has reduced and the winter season are taking shorter time. Due to the rise in wate r levels, hurricanes and floods have been experienced by different countries. The extreme heat condition has also caused deaths in India and Europe. Wildfires have also been experienced in some states in America, and floods have caused a lot of damage to property and peoples lives. Global warming and hurricanes The strength of hurricanes is increased by global warming. The hurricanes are getting stronger and dangerous than before. The warm oceans and tropical storms make the hurricane become more powerful than it used to be. The change in

Safety and security Essay Example for Free

Safety and security Essay Amateur sport is geared around participation and voluntary clubs. As land and buildings are expensive, many clubs use facilities provided by Local Authorities. Many outdoor sports clubs have their own facilities although there is an even greater number of players who use recreation grounds. There are about 78,000 pitches in the country. Thirty years ago amateur sport was largely centred on outdoor team games. Competitive sport means participation and developing skills and there is a sizeable industry for coaches and instructors. Despite its profile, competitive sport is on the decline and organisations like Sport England are concerned that as a nation we are losing our sporting skills and becoming less fit and healthy. For example, many governing bodies have big school-based programmes, and Local Authorities will run schemes in deprived areas where people cannot afford to play sport or go to health suites. Outdoor Activities-there are over a thousand centres in the UK which specialise in providing outdoor adventure holidays. Facility provision is also essential for outdoor sports, meaning the upkeep of the environment, and this is regulated by the organisations under the Countryside Agency umbrella, such as the Forestry Commission, Local Authorities or National Trust. For most participants activity in the natural world is occasional, and more time will be spent in training in built facilities such as pools or climbing walls. Profitable areas such as skiing, sailing, private sector companies are the main providers. Health and Fitness- there are now at least 2,500 private health and fitness clubs in the UK- it is a boom industry that many young people see as the exciting place to work in leisure. Private sector will increasingly dominate the market and eventually also manage and invest in public sector facilities on behalf of Local Authorities.  The central product of these clubs is the fitness room consisting of cardiovascular equipment and perhaps free weights, and frequently areas with small pools, jacuzzis and saunas.. Heritage and visitor attractions The heritage industry concerns buildings and materials that have historical value. Thirty years ago these were largely stately homes, castles, ruins such as Stonehenge and battlefields. Heritage was often about how the rich and famous had lived or what they had collected, or about culture(e.g. Shakespeare). Now it has expanded to include a much wider interpretation of historical value. Many heritage sites are owned by Trusts and limited companies that have been set up to manage individual sites, while many stately homes are owned and run by two big organisations: Museums-are not usually run by the private sector, largely because of high costs. Many museums started life as private collections which were later donated to the nation or the local community.  Libraries-apart from their lending their services which we will look at later, they are largely involved in the heritage sector. They have a back-room role of collecting important documents including maps, and making these available to the public. This is known as the records and archives service. Catering Leisure catering includes pubs and clubs, restaurants, cafes and takeaways. Its firmly placed in the private sector with some exceptions. A catering company provides a service according to the specification of the client and often under the clients name. Many leisure centres and theatres buy in service in this way.  The catering sector has various components that make eating out an enjoyable experience: the provision of food and drink; entertainment, such as jazz at Pizza Express, games; and security in the form of door staff. Eating out is an increasingly important and available leisure experience. The fast-food business is booming with a growth rate of 30 per cent. This growth is at the expense of takeaways and cafes, and especially of pubs and clubs. Fast food tends to be run by chains that can make economies of scale by producing the same product in each outlet. Many breweries have followed this trend and operate chains like Harvester restaurants within their pubs. In contrast cafes, restaurants and takeaways tend to be run and owned by family businesses. Countryside recreation The countryside is the natural, national playground and one which is used by walkers, ramblers and those involved in more active outdoor activities. A survey in 1998 by the National Centre for Social Research showed that 1,427 million day visits to the countryside were made and a further 241 million to the coast.  Like any leisure facility such usage will have an impact which in turn will lessen, and even threaten, the leisure experience itself. Organisations working in countryside recreation are therefore primarily stewards who maintain, manage and regulate the environment and also produce information and education. An important organisation funded by the Countryside Commission is the National Parks Authority. This is responsible for the regulation and interpretative service inside twelve National Parks, which are designated areas of significant natural beauty and wilderness. The Local Authority has a part to play in managing and regulating country parks. In many cases it also own s the land and will act as landlord to any tenants in the park, such as farmers. Home-based leisure This is cheap, easy and relaxing. The equipment most popularly used are: radios, videos, TV sets, gardening materials and home fitness machines is normally provided by the private sector. The main exceptions are the library lending services in the public sector. Except for broadcasting this component is retail based.  As the internet is more widely used, shopping for leisure on the net is likely to increase. Free services like Tesco mean more people are using the net.

Kitchen Best Essay Example for Free

Kitchen Best Essay Individual case study: Kitchen Best Kitchen Best is the typical family owned SME, specialized in the Kitchen appliance production, with Headquarter in Hong Kong and manufacturing plant based in China, in the Guandong province. The main problems concerning the company, are all related with its managing and governance system. The company has been run for years by its founder, Cha Dong, who managed it in a paternalistic way, establishing very strong relationships with most of its senior Staff. His management style reflected the old business culture, characterized by high sense of belonging to the â€Å"family† and an high degree of acceptance of the practice of kickbacks, considered the normal way to run business in China. When Cha Dong, at the end off its career, left the management to its son, Henry Chan, all the governance shortcomings came to light. Henry Chan, who received a Western education, had a more international approach, less involved than its father in the operational activities of the company and more focused on its ambitious targets. He prospected to double the revenues of the company entering the US and EU market directly, while continuing to serve the Asian market, where its father focused until that day. Its expertise in the Western culture would have helped the enter in such markets, making the project ambitious but feasible, on the other side focusing in such a target would have meant ignoring the management aspects of its role, who are the basis for the success of a company. Furthermore Henry Chan lack of operational expertise, so he completely relies on Ma Luk, the company’s operations Director, to whom his father delegated the entire operational activities of the factory, during its lasts years of management. He had in that way a great independence and power, given by its expertise and close connection with clients and suppliers. He had also a low level of coordination with Henry Chan, to whom he formally reported, but still substantially referred to Chang Dong for important issues. In fact the Kitchen Best founder had still a strong managerial presence in the company, as all its employees trusted him completely, we can asses that the managerial transition did not happened in substantial terms. The company’s culture reflects the old managerial style of the founder: the selection and training of employees is done on a familiar contact base, not relying on impartial standards of efficiency. The lack of standards in training and  recruitment, the high degree of toleration of kickbacks, together with the high independence in the operational decisions, are all factors that contributed to the bad management of the Staff. To Ma Luk, too much power was delegated, with no substantial control, due to the lack of technical skills of Henry Chan. Moreover his strong ties with clients and suppliers were created through kickbacks, tolerated by the father and after by his son, partially to provide a certain continuation in management and partially for fear of losing most of the crucial contacts. Sze, on the other side, trained Macy Wei, Quality Control Manager, affecting so the impartiality required by her role. Looking at the Trust and Advice Network inside the company, we will s urely underline a strong connection between Sze and Macy Wei, as between Ma Luk and Cha Dong, while the actual manager of the company will result isolated and not connected to the main key figures of Kitchen Best. The communication Network will also reveal important managerial considerations. The communication is formal, non effective and one-way: from the bottom to the top, with a total absence of feedback from Henry Chan. A radical change is so necessary in the company’s culture and governance system, starting with a zero tolerance approach toward facilitating payments. Kickbacks are reducing the competitiveness of the company and is severely punished by criminal laws both in China and Macao, where the company operates. This corruptive system is also exposing the company to many problems: one of its key customers, Honghua, has adopted a zero tolerance policy to kickbacks and the company is re-evaluating all its suppliers under standards of competitiveness. To cope with these issues, Henry Chan should concentrate more in the operational part of the company, gaining expertise and position himself strongly at the head of the company. First of all, he should establish a code of ethics, as a first step to change the old and paternalistic company’s culture, by inserting Western elements such as standards and ethics principles. The Code of Ethics should be a formal statement, containing ethical principles related with employees responsibilities and Business integrity. On the other side, Standards should be settled and implemented, with a zero toleration of sub-standards, especially when Selecting, Hiring, Training and Promoting employees. Promotions should be based on performance and compliance with the Codes. Moreover an External Independent Auditor should be hired to control that all  the members of the company, and also its suppliers are complying with standards and Codes. After all, Henry Chan should communicate in an effective w ay the radical measures adopted, explaining to the Stuff how fundamental is for the company to meet the standards established, to enhance its competitiveness in order to better serve its actual Asian clients and to enter the US and EU market. Repeating past errors, such as the Shago or Haus de Metro Incidents, will be fatal for the future of the company: suppliers will be chosen according to their competitiveness and no more on family or friendship relationship base. For that reason a specific Code of behavior for Suppliers has to be implemented too. In conclusion, to make the corporate governance transformation of Kitchen Best feasible, Henry Chan should definitely strengthen its position and impose a more ethic behavior inside the company. To do so, he should enter into the Trust Network, establishing a trust relationship with its Stuff, not being afraid of scolding them when necessary and partially divesting their strength in the customer and suppliers relationships. He should Invest much more time in operational and managerial tasks, as the growth and success of the company depend on them. He should also implement a bi-side communication with its employees, reporting periodically their performances through Feedbacks. When Henry Chan will have adopted all these measures and implemented all the Standards and Codes, his father will be divested from its role, reducing so its influence in the company’s decisions, who reflected the old paternalistic culture, favorable to the unethical practice of facilitating payments.

Egon Schiele: Influences on and Impact in Art

Egon Schiele: Influences on and Impact in Art Was Egon Schiele ahead of his time or just in touch with it? A master of expressionism or practising pornographer and paedophile? What was the driving force behind his most memorable images; those being his nudes and self portraits? Looking at economic, social, personal influences, was he milking the times and environment for self gain or was he a hormone raging self absorbed youngster finding himself? Introduction Expressionism is described in typically polemic terms in the preface for the 1912 exhibition in Cologne, featuring new artists of this genre. In it, it says: â€Å"the exhibition is intended to offer a general view of the newest movement in painting, which has succeeded atmospheric naturalism and the impressionist rendering of motion, and which strives to offer a simplification and intensification in the mode of expression, after new rhythms and new uses of colour and a decorative or monumental configuration – a general view of that movement which has been described as expressionism.† Schiele certainly fulfilled the loose terminologies expressed above, as a great deal of the subject matter he explored, primarily his nudes and his self-portraits, were concerned with the constant need to redefine and explore different ways of expressing these themes; a simplification and intensification in the mode of expression. At times, Schiele reduces the broad sentiments of Impressionism to a single streak; he cuts out all that is unnecessary, reducing his backgrounds to a simple wash of colour, and thus focuses on his primary interest, that of the human subject. Schiele was also extremely concerned with the notion of self in his work; he is frequently cited in critical work as a narcissist and, with over 100 self portraits to his name, each of which appear to be concerned with showing himself in various, often contradictory ways, this would appear to be true. But, beyond simple glorification of the self, Schiele seems to be doing something else in his self-portraiture. By picturing himself in such a varied and at times contradictory way, Schiele in turn questions his own authenticity, and attempts to align himself with that great canon of artist in society, as a contemporary Promethean or Christ-like figure. â€Å"Allegory, unmasking, the presentation of a personable image, and close scrutiny of body language as influenced by the psyche, all met most palpably where Schieles eye looked most searchingly – in his self-portraits, his odyssey through the vast lands of the self. His reflections on and of himself filled a great hall of mirrors where he performed a pantomime of the self unparalleled in twentieth century art.† Indeed, the ambiguity of Schiele as regards himself is a dense and complex subject, which regards both â€Å"truth†, and a more subjective appraisal of art in Viennese society during the time in which Schiele was painting. Schiele was also concerned with breaking down and fundamentally opposing the traditions of Viennese culture and art which, at the time, were largely very conservative in opinion. In his art, Schiele would strike out at the culture that celebrated Biedermeier art and the slavish reproduction of classical works that he was taught at Viennas Academie der Bildunden Kunste (Viennas Academy of Fine Art), which he was admitted to on the grounds of his exceptional talent as a draughtsman. Most prominently, he would break these rules, and was thus ahead of his times with his extremely controversial oeuvre, which broke from these schools almost completely, both stylistically and in terms of the subject matter that they conveyed. But it is extremely difficult, if not impossible when considering any artist to extricate him / her from the times in which he / she was born. An artist is inevitably bound to the world around him / her, and thus, it is important to consider the economic, social and cultural trends that were prevalent at the time. Schiele was part of the expressionist movement – which immediately set itself up against the heralded principals of art in Vienna, by setting up its own artist-led business entities, using the work and the life of Klimt as an example. I will expand upon the layered history that led up to Viennese expressionism, and hope to extrapolate the extent to which Schiele was paving the way for a new generation of artists. Schieles art was especially controversial in its subject matter. In his early work especially, unflinching portraits were painted that not only showed Schiele in uncompromising positions, but also subjects such as proletariat children, who were invariably portrayed naked, and painted with a grotesque and sickly eroticism that draws you unerringly into these taboo areas. Whether Schiele was deliberately trying to shock and provoke the modesties of the Viennese public, or whether he was trying to uncover a more universal, spiritual or sexual truth is subject to debate. Overall, in this essay, I will discuss how the history of Vienna impacted upon the work of Schiele, looking at the cultural, social and economic impact of Schiele. I will also look at how Schiele uses the self-portrait, especially how he chooses to either promote, or at least define the prevalent role of expressionist artist in his work. Then I will look at how the abundance of these controversial self-portraits, along with innumerable photographs of Schiele posing, in turn makes Schieles identity in his work more ambiguous. Then I will look at the more pornographic side of Schiele, and question how Schiele, deeply embedded in the cultural and moral codes of the time, reacted entirely against them and established his own, art of â€Å"ugliness†. History Of Viennese Expressionism Fredrick Raphael, in his preface to Dream Story by Arthur Schnitzler, suggests something about the Viennese psyche; he says that: â€Å"In 1866, Bismarcks Prussia destroyed Austro-Hungarys bravely incompetent army at Sadowa. The effect of that defeat on the Viennese psyche cannot be exactly assessed. Austria had already suffered preliminary humiliation by the French, under Louis-Napoleon, but Sadowa confirmed that she would never again be a major player in the worlds game. Yet conscious acceptance of Austrias vanished supremacy was repressed by the brilliance and brio of its social and artistic life. Who can be surprised that Adlers discovery of the inferiority complex, and of compensating assertiveness, was made in a society traumatized by dazzling decline? It was as if the city which spawned Arthur Schinitzler and Sigmund Freud feared to awake from its tuneful dreams to prosaic reality.† Indeed, the times in which Egon Schiele was making his mark on the Viennese establishment was a time where the Viennese art community were at their most conservative, or most susceptible to lapsing into these â€Å"tuneful dreams†. Schieles self-imposed mission, it seemed, was to violently shake these people into a state of consciousness. But that isnt to say that Schiele existed entirely in a vacuum, living entirely by his own rules. Comini stresses that: â€Å"The content of Schieles Expressionism then was a heightened sense of pathos and impending doom, and an acute awareness of the self. Schieles Expressionist form drew from the great European reservoir of Symbolist evocativeness.† So, from a veritable melange of varying influences, Schiele managed to get his form, which combined that of exceptional draughtsman, with an inescapable desire for portraying the artistry of â€Å"ugliness†, something of which Schiele was something of a pioneer. In 1897, Schiele joined the painting class of Christian Griepenkerl; who was a deeply conservative artist devoted to neoclassicism, or the slavish devotion and replication of classic works of art. This involved long hours copying the works of the Old Masters at Viennas Academy of Fine Art. Schiele was enrolled for his superior draughtsmanship, but he was eventually alienated from it because he didnt see the relevance or the importance in neoclassicism. Thus, he became something of a troublemaker to the establishment, and was eventually forced out. This was echoed 100 years hence by the Romantics; an art group who pursued a loose programme intended to reinvest art with emotional impact. The Romantics, however, proved too unpalatable to the Viennese citizenry, who instead preferred the work of Biedermeier artists. Kallir says: â€Å"On the whole, Germans proved more receptive to Romanticism than Austrians who shied away from such intense expressions of feeling and took refuge in the mundane cheer of the Biedermeier.† She goes on to say: â€Å"Biedermeier [†¦] was geared more to the applied than to the fine arts, though in all its myriad incarnations it promoted the personal comforts of the middle class Burger. Biedermeier painting revolved around idealized renditions of everyday life, scenes of domestic bliss, genre pictures portraying ruddy-cheeked peasants, and picturesque views of the native countryside.† Being born into this highly stringent, conservative environment must have shaped Schieles defiance somewhat, as Schiele not only seems to break with what was established in Vienna as profitable art, but he almost seems to occupy exactly the opposite role. Even in works by Klimt, who was deemed controversial at the time, there are still elements of decorative palatability that makes his work visually and aesthetically appealing. Schiele seems to be deliberately working against this formula; which was brave considering that art, at the time, depended on patronage and buyers to actually sustain a profit. Schiele didnt seem concerned in the slightest that his work wouldnt get a buyer. In fact, the market is abandoned almost completely. In Schieles early work, art becomes â€Å"ugly†; his figures are pallid and atrophied; the composition of the pieces are unconventional and thus attack the sensibilities of the audience. Upon his break from Viennas Academy, and much akin to Klimt, whom he admired and painted on a number of occasions, Schiele set up his own group, entitled simply, â€Å"The New Art Group.† This was similar to Klimts route, as he set up the Viennese Secession, of which Schiele would play a part, which came from and used the tried and tested formula of the Genossenschaft betdender Kunster Wiens (Vienna Society of Visual Artists), a project financed by Emperor Franz Josef as a means of promoting art in the city. However, this system was not without its drawbacks. â€Å"Its progressive potential was [†¦] undermined by a policy of majority rule, which generally granted victory to the conservative faction. Within this context, the societys role as dealer was particularly disturbing to the younger, more forward-thinking minority, from whom exclusion from major exhibitions could have adverse financial consequences.† Similarly, the capitalist nature of art, coupled with the conservatism of the market made for a very difficult time for the progressive artist, and perhaps was a reason behind why Schiele opposed the artistic community with such fervency and vitriol, and often resorted to shock tactics and self-publicity to get himself heard. Klimts Secession operated on similar principles to the Vienna society: â€Å"†¦the Secession [†¦] was principally a marketing agent for its members work.† Thus, again it proved difficult for the younger, more radical artists to break through, despite Klimts support. Later, funds from patronage dwindled, so it was necessary for artists to seek out new markets. â€Å"The withdrawal of official patronage pre-empted the Secessionists to seek new ways of generating the sales and commissions necessary to keep them in business.† Ultimately, this meant that socialist, and personal art became more prominent a theme. The monumental, allegorical themes that Klimt and Schiele tended to attack (although Schieles work was deeply personal, it was also very monumental and took a number of influences from Klimt and symbolist art), no longer had a substantial market. Klimts decorative style, coupled with his established name, could still sell work to his established clients. Schiele, however, had no such luck, and it was only in 1918, the last year of his life, that Schiele managed to break even with his work. Although Schiele did not seem overly concerned with the economic potential of his works; in fact, he even seemed to equate poverty and suffering to the role of an artist in general, and Schiele was probably one of the most uncompromising artists of the twentieth century in terms of pandering to a particular audience; it is nevertheless important to consider economics, social and cultural conditions because, Schiele, by setting himself and his role as an artist in direct opposition to the establishment, also put himself in the long-standing tradition of artist in opposition to mainstream society. Kallir points out that: â€Å"The Secession, the Galerie Muethke, and the Wiener Werkstatte [, the latter two being establishments set up in the wake of the gradual reduction of patronage funds and a need to find and establish new markets for art], in the formative first decade of this century were peculiar products of their times that shared common aspirations and limitations. It was important to all concerned that these entities, although ostensibly committed to marketing art, were artist-run.† So, although economics were a concern in art, they were not necessarily, as dictated previously with the majority run Vienna Society of Visual Artists, primarily about making money and transforming the Viennese art scene into a profitable industry. Economics was an incidental concern, only foisted upon the establishment by chronic necessity: â€Å"The artists evinced a tacitly accepted loathing for art-as-business (Schiele could be particularly eloquent on this point) and a determination to place aesthetic considerations above economic ones.† So, as is fairly obvious from the art that he made, Schiele was against the motive of making money from art. But this reveals an interesting contradiction that plagued expressionist and other, later artists seeking to make a living from art at the same time as challenging the social and economic processes that ultimately fund its creation: â€Å"[I]f the primary goal [of these entities] was to serve the artistic community, these organisations could not entirely ignore their secondary purpose: to sell art.† So, Schiele, like many other artists, was cut between a requirement for money (which was especially apparent now that the former staple of patronage monies had all but dried up), and a requirement to express uncompromisingly his artistic expression. Schiele would not settle for the former, and instead pursued the latter with a vigour and an intensity that, at the time, was quite extraordinary. Schiele and Self-Portraiture. Of all the artists in the 20th century, or indeed any century, Egon Schiele was probably one of the most self-conscious. But, in Schiele, the self is a very problematic subject. Schoeder suggests: â€Å"In his self-portraits, Schiele shows himself as wrathful, with a look of spiritual vacancy, or as if racked by a severe spasm of hysteria; or arrogantly looking down his nose, with head tossed back; or apprehensively or naively peering out of the picture. Which Schiele is the real Schiele?† Schiele seems to instinctively divide himself into differing components, but also, he uses art to singularly pursue his own political views of the role of artist, in many ways using self-portraiture to assert, rather than fragment his own personality. The ambiguity with which Schiele regards himself can be looked at in a number of ways. 1. The Artist-as-Martyr It could be argued that Schiele was simply posing, or playing the varying roles of artist to gratify his ego. This is interesting because Schiele was definitely working toward a specific identity as artist. In 1912, Schiele was arrested for three days for publishing obscene works where they could be displayed to children. An item of his work was subsequently burned in the courtroom. In prison, he creates a number of interesting works of art, that are especially interesting because their titles read like manifestoes. Titles such as Hindering the Artist is a Crime, It Is Murdering Life in the Bud! (1912), For Art and for My Loved Ones I Will Gladly Endure to the End! (1912), and Art Cannot Be Modern: Art Is Primordially Eternal (1912). Certainly, judging from these titles, Schiele definitely has a number of ideas regarding the artist, his specific role, and what separates a true artist from a charlatan. Schiele, in his highly polemical, hyperbolic painting titles, equates the artist with suffering and martyrdom, suggesting that he will â€Å"endure†, and immediately glorifying the artist as a giver of life and eternal well being to the masses. Schroeder goes on to say: â€Å"Behind these works lies the idealization of suffering in the Romantic cull of genius, as updated in the last years of the nineteenth century through the writing of Friedrich Nietzsche and through the posthumous response to Arthur Schopenhauer. [†¦] The turn of the century saw the apogee of the Artist-as-Martyr legend, in which the relationship between suffering and greatness draws so close that the pose of suffering may in itself constitute a claim to the higher grades of artistic initiation.† So, the implication here is that Schiele was indeed acting a specific role of artist, that he was assuming a specific â€Å"pose of suffering† that was in many ways an act of fulfilling his societal role as an artist. Certainly these roles of suffering were explicit in his work. In Self-Portrait Standing (1910), Schiele portrays himself as contorted and thin; his face is twisted into an ugly grimace, and the colours used are mottled, pale and rotten. His arms are deformed and his positioning is unnatural and forced. His eyes are hollow and there is no context to the portrait; the background is a simple cream colouring. To exaggerate his alienation yet further, Schiele highlights his body with a shock of white. This has the effect of drawing the subject even further out of his environmental world, and, along with the forced hand gestures, serves to make us see the subject as an exhibit, rather than as part of a natural world. As Schroeder points out: â€Å"On the white expanse of paper, they do not exist: they are exhibited.† In his principal work, Hermits (1912), he paints himself with Gustav Klimt, whose own break with neoclassicism and ornate style of expressionism was a major influence on Schieles early work. Klimt is seen as asleep, or else resting on the shoulders of Schiele, who stands in front of him in a large black cloak. Mitsch suggests that in Hermits, â€Å"[s]eldom has the human body been visualised so exclusively as a materialization of spiritual forces [†¦].† But the painting is called Hermits, which suggests something about the role of artist that Schiele observed, although the painting certainly displays elements of the spiritual; as Steiner suggests, â€Å"he presents the master and himself in a picture where two male figures in monklike garb and with aureoles about their heads are seen on a monumental plinth.† In Hermits, Schiele and Klimt both look glum; Schiele stares defiantly back through the painting. The vast black cloak serves to homogenize the body of Klimt and Schiele, and thus portrays the role of the artist in general as one of blackness, of a biblical darkness. But, the title is more secular: Steiner goes on to say that: â€Å"We see Hermits (as the painting is called) and not saints, and the tone is no longer mystical and remote but one of delicate equilibrium between the two men – the elder, Klimt, deathlike, and the younger, Schiele, looking grim, doubtless because the artist leads a solitary life, condemned by society to suffer.† So, Schiele, in a very modernist way, is simultaneously divorcing himself from the establishment of the religious school of Neoclassicism, but is also contemporising it. In similar ways that Freud brought scientific rigour, and secular practice into studies of the human psyche, Schiele was in turn taking religion out of mystical, allegorical artwork, and instead putting himself into it. This artistic position, as forerunner to Klimt, in a sense, emerging from the body of Klimt, but staring out defiantly and uniquely, epitomizes Schieles position. Steiner suggests that: â€Å"At the time that he painted Hermits, Schiele was already seeing himself as a kind of priest of art, more the visionary than the academician, seeing and revealing things that remain concealed from normal people.† 2. The Artist-As-Protean The ambiguity with which Schiele forges his own identity can also be seen in a different way. The variance between different forms of self-portrait merely represent different sides of the Schiele character. This would certainly fit into the Freudian notion of self – as a stigmatized, fragmentary and anarchic collection of different preconceived notions. For instance; Freuds basic notions of Id, Ego and Super-Ego serve to fragment the self – psychoanalysis in general serves to this effect, and, in a number of Schiele self-portraits, he uses the quite unusual system of the double portrait to encapsulate this fragmentation. Fischer makes the point that â€Å"[t]he familiar repertoire of Freudian psychology with its ego and super-ego, conscious and unconscious realms, might equally be applied to these dual self-portraits.† A great deal of photography of Egon Schiele (of which a great deal exists) utilizes the effect of double exposure, thus, a doubling of the self. In one untitled photograph of Egon Schiele , he is seen firstly staring into the distance, while another image of himself looks back, observing himself intently. Steiner says that: â€Å"Schiele countered the sensory fragmentation of the self by means of a multiple self which came little by little to form a visual concept which reconstituted his unity with the world in a visionary way.† Indeed, during the time when expressionism was most active, a serious redefinition was underway, on the secular, theoretical grounds of Nietzsche and Freud, and also due to the cataclysmic human and social catastrophe of the Great War. In Hermann Bahrs 1916 book, simply entitled Expressionism, he says: â€Å"Never was there a time so shaken with so much terror, such a fear of death. Never was the world so deathly silent. Never was man so small. Never had he been so alarmed. Never was joy so far away and liberty so dead.† But he rallies against this bleakness, which is encapsulated in other modernist and expressionist works; works such as Eliots Wasteland and the paintings of Munsch and the German school of expressionism: â€Å"Now necessity cries out. Man cries after his soul, and the whole age becomes a single cry of need. Art, too, cries with it, into the depths of darkness; it cries for help; it cries after the spiritual: that is expressionism.† So, by ploughing the ambiguities of the self, this reading would assume that Schiele was, in many respects, crying â€Å"after his soul†, so to speak; searching among the myriad of different identities available to him, a concrete or at least a compatible sense of self that had eluded him, along with an entire generation of artists dispossessed by the Viennese establishment. The various parts of Schieles meticulous, and almost surgical self-analysis falls into a number of distinct camps, but also seems to, in a more generalised sense, work against the pattern of self-portrait or nudity established by other artists. Up until that time, generally speaking, the nude was seen in a grandiose sense: the painted nude women, such as those in Degas, were painted as Goddesses, resplendently beautiful, radiant, often placed in scenarios that depicted frolicking jollity or natural equilibrium; and the men, who were much rarer in contemporary art, were generally seen as heroic, muscular and noble. Schiele breaks entirely with this long-established tradition. Firstly, the school of nude self-portraiture at the time only comprised of a single person; Richard Gerstl, whose painting Self-Portrait, Naked stood on its own at the time as the only painting to be done of the nude artist. Schroeder points out: â€Å"Just how uncommon is was to depict oneself naked is revealed by the fact that before 1910 only one precedent existed in the whole of Austrian art.† Thus, Schiele was already putting himself in the position of pioneer of a particularly exhibitionist genre. But, in unsheathing the artist of the attire that would previously assign to him his identity, Schiele places a whole new dynamic in the art: the dynamic of the self itself. One of Schieles most important works Seated Male Nude (1910), Schiele portrays himself covering up his own face. Indeed, in most of his self-portraits, especially his early ones, his posture is contorted and manufactured; he is posing and the background again is simply a plain, unembellished white. In Seated Male Nude, Schiele is grossly emaciated, his feet have been cut off, and his nipples and eyes glow red, suggesting that there is a deep demonism within him. He is seen as grotesquely, disturbingly ectomorphic; â€Å"the figure looks as though it has been taken down from a gothic crucifix: it is angular, and looks carved: Schiele was seeing himself as Christ without a loin-cloth. The red highlights of his eyes, nipples, navel and genitals make the body look as if it were glowing from within.† But, also, the red â€Å"glowing from within† also exposes another central tenet of Schieles work – namely, that it gives the appearance that he is hollow inside. Schiele preserved his more allegorical, symbolic works for the medium of oil; paintings such as Hermits discussed earlier, and thus, this hollowness cannot be overlooked as having greater metaphorical meaning, and would suggest the reasons behind why Schieles self-portraiture varied to such a large degree; namely, that the inner self which Schiele was desperate to uncover, was absent, or simply defined as a mad, glowing redness. â€Å"[S]pastic and hunch-backed, or with a rachitic deformation of the ribcage: this was the artist as an image of abject misery – a cripple [†¦] the dirty colouring, with its shrill accents, makes the flesh tones ugly and aberrant. In Seated Male Nude, a self-portrait, the artist mutates into an insect. The absence of feet [†¦] [is] an amputation. This is a mangled soul in a mangled body. We see through the body into the soul.† Indeed, the mangled soul is non-existent, the inside is hollow and empty. So, insomuch as this is similarly affected by social and cultural developments at the time, Schiele is moreover offering a more detailed and theoretically astute reading of the self and warring and dissolute factions. Schroeder says that: â€Å"If all of these self-dramatizations reveal the true nucleus of the painters psyche, then he must have been a fragmented personality, unlikely to escape the diagnostic attentions of the genius Sigmund Freud. The question is just how much of his psyche is conveyed by his self-portraits, either those with grimaces or those that express a frozen resignation? What and whom does Egon Schiele really see in his studio mirror? [†¦] It makes all the difference in the world whether he is observing his own body as an act of direct, emotional self-knowledge or whether in his imagination he is slipping into someone elses role and experiencing his own self as that of another person.† So, that Schiele depicts himself as a variety of different people doesnt necessarily mean that he is living up to a certain artistic function; in a sense, glamorizing the role of the artist as a suffering person. Art As Pornography Schiele has been regarded by many critics as a pornographer. Looking at his paintings, which often draw attention to the genitals, to eroticized regions of the human body, as well as the contorted and mechanistic quality to the nude portraits, which appear twisted and exploited. Schiele was eventually put in prison for his indecency, although this was due to his eccentric practice of showing his work to the friends of the children who were painted, often nude. Schroder suggests that â€Å"[i]n Schieles early pictures of children the objective embarrassment of the models lowly social origins is reinforced by the embarrassment of their obscene nakedness.† This would suggest that the portraits themselves are designed to be as exploitative and as pornographic as possible. The children portrayed are certainly seen in an especially lurid light; and their embarrassment is portrayed by their forced poses, the absence of environment, etc. However, it is often difficult, at the time and later, to extrapolate eroticism from pornography, and in Schiele, this is particularly difficult. Schiele himself denied accusations of pornography, and certainly, the nudes have greater substance and meaning in terms of formulating an Expressionist identity of the self. Mitsch suggests that Schiele â€Å"expresses [in his eroticism] human bondage and is to be understood as a burden that is painful to bear. Aimed, from the beginning, at outspokenness and truthfulness, it assumes almost inevitably a daring form.† So, here difficulty with regarding Schieles output is highlighted. The work is about expressing human bondage, but it is also exaggerated and mutilated and â€Å"outspoken†. So Schiele acts as both pornographer and eroticist, and also strikes out more clearly at exposing the truth behind the body. Schiele himself commented on accusations that his work is pornographic made by his Uncle, by replying in a letter, saying that â€Å"the erotic work of art is scared too.† The painting Reclining Girl In A Blue Dress (1910), establishes this difficulty. In it, a girl is portrayed, leaning back and revealing her genitals. Her genitals are high-lighted in white, and draw the eye to the girls genitals using both composition and colour. The brush-strokes are strikingly crude, almost sketchy. Fischer says that â€Å"[i]t is impossible to defend this picture against the charge of pornography. Even so, Schieles radicalism of form places him beyond too simplistic a categorisation.† He goes on to say: â€Å"He was not merely out to satisfy a shallow voyeuristic impulse. Pubescent lust and delight in discovery, the naà ¯ve symbolism of distinguishing sexual features, and boyish stratagems for looking up girls skirts are combined in the twenty-year-old artists way of viewing the world with the invention of ingenious new forms, which took the Schiele of 1910 a step forward, out of the world of teachers and uncles and into the radical world view of the Expressionist avant-garde. In the years ahead, Schiele pursued this distinctive combination obsessively.† So, according to Fischer, even though his work was pornographic, the forms in which this pornography took and the means by which Schiele painted these pornographic images, allowed us to question the nature of the images and thus elevate them to something beyond pornography. Schiele was certainly obsessed with portraying the self: his images, despite being, at times, shamelessly provocative and deliberately controversial to the conservative Viennese public (the pre-conceived role of an artist to challenge the perception of the ordinary people would stress this, and was a certain depiction of the artist that Schiele would live by), would also put stress on the techniques and the principles applied to the painting in order to elevate it beyond mere titillation or voyeurism. In his nudes, Schiele was definitely looking to get closer to his, and societies view of the human condition in the confusing wake of secularism, the transmogrification of belief toward the self (in Freud and Nietzsche, for instance), and the selfs role in society. Naturally his view is not a particularly optimistic one, and he is frequently out to establish the pain in the heart of the self – his cut-off, mutilated and distorted figures serve to expose the more desultory aspects of the self, and thus his images appear less as pornographic, and more as pieces that actually challenge and oppose the traditionally porno

Marxism Isnt Dead Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Marx Essays

ABSTRACT: I defend the continued viability of Marx's critique of capitalism against Ronald Aronson's recent claim that because Marxists are 'unable to point to a social class or movement' away from capitalism, Marxism is 'over' 'as a project of historical transformation.' First, Marx's account of the forced extraction of surplus labor remains true. It constitutes an indictment of the process of capital accumulation because defenses of capitalism's right to profit based on productive contribution are weak. If generalized, the current cooperative movement, well advanced in many nations, can displace capitalism and thus counts as the movement Aronson challenges Marxists to point to. It will do this, I argue, by stopping capitalist exploitation, blocking capital accumulation, and narrowing class divisions. But in defending Marx by pointing to the cooperative movement, we have diverged from Marx's essentially political strategy for bringing about socialism onto an economic one of support for tendencies toward workplace democracy worldwide. Why isn't Marxism dead? Many anti-Marxists and even some Marxists say it is. As proof, anti-Marxists point to the failure of the Soviet model of socialism, that is, an undemocratic government controlling the means of production, replacing markets with bureaucratic planning of production and distribution. (1) But on Marx's view undeveloped countries like czarist Russia with a minority working class were in no position to lead what was to be in any case a global change from an interdependent world market to socialism "as the act of the dominant peoples 'all at once' and simultaneously." (2) If anything the USSR's failure proved Marx right! (3) In the end Marx envisioned not government control... ...F. and Whyte, K.K., Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex (Ithica: ILR Press, 1988). (20) Robert Fitch, "In Bologna, Small is Beautiful," The Nation, May 13, 1996. (21) Grassroots Economic Organizing Newsletter (GEO), #16 and #17, Winter-Spring 1995. (22) GEO, #12, Fall 1994. Many other countries have deep cooperative traditions, including the UK, France, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Indonesia, India, Chile, and Argentina. (23) This finding was a summary of forty-three economic studies by David Levine and Laura D'Andrea Tyson, "Participation, Productivity, and the Firm's Environment," in A. Blinder, editor, Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1990), pp. 205-214. (24) "Inaugural Address of the Working Men's International Association," (1864) in Tucker, p. 518. Marxism Isn't Dead Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Marx Essays ABSTRACT: I defend the continued viability of Marx's critique of capitalism against Ronald Aronson's recent claim that because Marxists are 'unable to point to a social class or movement' away from capitalism, Marxism is 'over' 'as a project of historical transformation.' First, Marx's account of the forced extraction of surplus labor remains true. It constitutes an indictment of the process of capital accumulation because defenses of capitalism's right to profit based on productive contribution are weak. If generalized, the current cooperative movement, well advanced in many nations, can displace capitalism and thus counts as the movement Aronson challenges Marxists to point to. It will do this, I argue, by stopping capitalist exploitation, blocking capital accumulation, and narrowing class divisions. But in defending Marx by pointing to the cooperative movement, we have diverged from Marx's essentially political strategy for bringing about socialism onto an economic one of support for tendencies toward workplace democracy worldwide. Why isn't Marxism dead? Many anti-Marxists and even some Marxists say it is. As proof, anti-Marxists point to the failure of the Soviet model of socialism, that is, an undemocratic government controlling the means of production, replacing markets with bureaucratic planning of production and distribution. (1) But on Marx's view undeveloped countries like czarist Russia with a minority working class were in no position to lead what was to be in any case a global change from an interdependent world market to socialism "as the act of the dominant peoples 'all at once' and simultaneously." (2) If anything the USSR's failure proved Marx right! (3) In the end Marx envisioned not government control... ...F. and Whyte, K.K., Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex (Ithica: ILR Press, 1988). (20) Robert Fitch, "In Bologna, Small is Beautiful," The Nation, May 13, 1996. (21) Grassroots Economic Organizing Newsletter (GEO), #16 and #17, Winter-Spring 1995. (22) GEO, #12, Fall 1994. Many other countries have deep cooperative traditions, including the UK, France, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Indonesia, India, Chile, and Argentina. (23) This finding was a summary of forty-three economic studies by David Levine and Laura D'Andrea Tyson, "Participation, Productivity, and the Firm's Environment," in A. Blinder, editor, Paying for Productivity: A Look at the Evidence (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1990), pp. 205-214. (24) "Inaugural Address of the Working Men's International Association," (1864) in Tucker, p. 518.

Identifying Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in School-Aged Children Essay

Very few people fully understand the implications of obsessive compulsive disorder and social phobias, but experts lead the way in making sense of these disorders. There are so many ideas as to what causes these conditions, and ways to treat them. Another implication that a lot of people don’t know or care to consider is whether or not these disorders are highly associated with violence. In the classroom setting, it is important to keep everyone safe. Students with such disorders may be at risk of hurting themselves and others. It is crucial for professional educators to understand these disorders thoroughly and make sure there are no high risks for these students; with high risk students it is important to understand how to handle specific behaviors and avoid harmful difficulties. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, is defined as having unwanted ideas, feelings, thoughts, sensations, or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something. Although, a lot of â€Å"typical† people have behaviors and or sensations out of the general norm; OCD is only considered when these thoughts and/or behaviors are persistent and take up a lot of time. When these thoughts then make no sense, be the cause of suffering, or interfere with a person’s life then it is considered severe OCD. For example, if an individual cannot leave their home, because they have to continuously recheck their stove, or even count everything in their home backwards and forwards. These are severe OCD’s because this person cannot continue with their day without these behaviors. If this were a student, they may be sleepy before school because they spent the night doing this, or they may never arrive to school because they keep doing the procedure incorre... ...ve Disorder. Education and Treatment of Children, 31, 3, 395-416. Lilienfeld, S. (2010). Fear: Can’t Live with It, Can’t Live without It. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 20, 16-20. McGough, J. L. (1993). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in childhood and adolescence. School Psychology Review, 22(2), 243. McLoone, J., Hudson, J., Rapee, R. (2006). Treating Anxiety Disorders in School Settings. Education and Treatment of Children, 29, 2, 221-233. Pence, S., Sulkowski, M., Jordan, C., Storch, E. (2010). When Exposures Go Wrong: Trouble-Shooting Guidelines for Managing Difficult Scenarios that Arise in Exposure-Based Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64, 1, 39-51. Walsh, J. (26 Nov. 2001). Shyness and Social Phobia: Perspective on a Problem in Living. A Social Work Health & Social Work, 27, 2, 137-144.

A Comparison of Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar Essays -- comparis

Comparing Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe and "Julius Caesar" by William Shakespeare are two very different books that are interrelated through their similar themes and characters. There are characters from both stories that can connect to one another through their common motives and characteristics. Many of the main themes and elements of the stories are similar including a tragic ending and themes of betrayal, honor, and conflict. However, there are differences between the characters and themes from the two books as well.    In Things fall apart, Okonkwo would resemble Caesar most because they were both men of high titles with success in war and battle. Okonkwo was a well accomplished soldier known for the many heads that he had severed off enemies during tribal conflicts. Casesar was one of the greatest generals of all time bringing Rome to its peak height of power. Both men did not fear death but meet death abruptly. Even though they were very similar, Caesar was killed by an assassination, while Okonkwo commits suicide.    Mr. Kiaga, the translator and negotiator for the Christian missionary can be matched most easily to Antony. Both men had great oratory skills which they put to good use. Kiaga used his skills to convert and had won many converts to the new faith. Antony used his oratory skills to convince the crowd at Caesar's funeral that Brutus and the conspirators had killed Caesar unjustly. Both men had very loyal qualities. Antony was loyal to Caesar and wanted to avenge Caesar's death. Mr Kiaga was loyal to the church and Mr Brown, the priest and head of the missionary. Even though they are similar in many ways, they have differe... ...ad done nothing at all and Brutus killed him because he believed that the general would change into a tyrannical ruler. Caesar's ambition could have destroyed Rome if it wasn't for the noble actions of Brutus.    Even though these two books may seem very different, they also share many similarities. Though they are not related through their plots, they definitely share some very important themes and resemblance of characters. Through these similarities, two different stories in completely different time frames and locations can be brought together in many instances.    Works Cited:    Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1958. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, Expanded Edition, Vol. 1. Ed. Maynard Mack. London: Norton, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Alan Durband. London: Hutchinson & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1984.

Can international law change the world Essay

Sir Christopher John Greenwood was born in 1955. Currently he is a judge of the ICC whereby he was elected to the position on 6th November 2008. Before being elected as an ICC judge, Sir Christopher John Greenwood was a professor at London School of Economics where by taught international law. In addition, he was a barrister who most often made appearance before the international court of justice, the English Courts and the European Court Of Human Rights among other tribunals. During an interview as evidenced in the video, Judge Sir Christopher John Greenwood puts it clear that the international law has the power to change the way world operates. He further argues that, while each system of the national law strives to regulate affairs within only a single society, the international law has the concern of the whole world. In contrary, judge Sir Christopher John Greenwood argues that, though the international laws has the power to change the world and the way different systems of the world operate, there is yet no methods of enforcement available to the national legal systems. According to Sir Christopher, the international law can change the security and political stability of the different nations of the globe if only there could be efficient and effective measures put in place that would ensure the different national systems comply. Moreover, Sir Christopher says that if the different national systems could comply with international laws like those concerning weapons and international peace, international health like those stipulated in the world health organization (WHO) among other laws made to ensure that the social welfare of the different socio-economic classes of people would change the world to a greater extend. In addition to this, Sir Christopher further argues that following compliance to the different international economic laws would change the way business is carried globally by different nations. Compliance to the international laws would make the transactions between different nations secure since are governed. Moreover, international economic laws would standardize how business is carried in the world. In a broad spectrum, the international laws can only change the world if the different nation systems comply. It will be of great importance if the different world systems comply to the international laws for better so as to steer development through trade standardization among other things. References @font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xFIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xMIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xEIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xLIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03 FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xHIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xGIzIFKw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Italic'),local('Roboto-Italic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOkCnqEu92Fr1Mu51xIIzI.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src: local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu72xKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu5mxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7mxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4WxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src :local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7WxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu7GxKOzY.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:local('Roboto Regular'),local('Roboto-Regular'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOmCnqEu92Fr1Mu4mxK.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/robo to/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fCRc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fABc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fCBc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fBxc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.c om/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fCxc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fChc4EsA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:normal;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium'),local('Roboto-Medium'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOlCnqEu92Fr1MmEU9fBBc4.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc3CsTKlA.woff2)forma t('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C88,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc-CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc2CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc5CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-03FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(// fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc1CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc0CsTKlA.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-024F,U+0259,U+1E00-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Roboto';font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local('Roboto Medium Italic'),local('Roboto-MediumItalic'),url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v18/KFOjCnqEu92Fr1Mu51S7ACc6CsQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}if (document.fonts && document.fonts.load) {document.fonts.load("400 10pt Roboto", "");document.fonts.load("500 10pt Roboto", "");} html {overflow: hidden;}body {font: 12px Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;background-color: #000;color: #fff;height: 100%;width: 100%;overflow: hidden;position: absolute;margin: 0;padding: 0;}#player {width: 100%;height: 100%;}h1 {text-align: center;color: #fff;}.hid {display: none;}h3 {margin-top: 6px;margin-bottom: 3px;}.player-unavailable {position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;right: 0;bottom: 0;padding: 25px;font-size: 13px;background: url(/img/meh7.png) 50% 65% no-repeat;}.player-unavailable .message {text-align: left;margin: 0 -5px 15px;padding: 0 5px 14px;border-bottom: 1px solid #888;font-size: 19px;font-weight: normal;}.player-unavailable a {color: #167ac6;text-decoration: none;}.yt-embed-thumbnail {background-size: cover;background-position: center;background-repeat: no-repeat;height: 100%;}.ytp-lightweight {position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;width: 100%;height: 100%;}.exp-invert-logo #header:before, .exp-invert-logo .ypc-join-family-header .logo, .exp-invert-logo #footer-logo .footer- logo-icon, .exp-invert-logo #yt-masthead #logo-container .logo, .exp-invert-logo #masthead #logo-container, .exp-invert-logo .admin-masthead-logo a, .exp-invert-logo #yt-sidebar-styleguide-logo #logo { background: no-repeat url(/yts/img/ringo/hitchhiker/logo_small_2x-vfl4_cFqn.png); background-size: 100px 30px; } .exp-invert-logo #yt-masthead #logo-container .logo-red { background: no-repeat url(/yts/img/ringo/hitchhiker/logo_youtube_red_2x-vflOSHA_n.png); background-size: 132px 30px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 498px), only screen and (min-width: 499px) and (max-width: 704px) { .exp-invert-logo.exp-responsive #yt-masthead #logo-container { background: no-repeat url(/yts/img/ringo/hitchhiker/yt_play_logo_2x-vflXx5Pg3.png); background-size: 40px 28px; } } .guide-sort-container {display: none}var ytcsi = {gt: function(n) {n = (n || '') + 'data_';return ytcsi[n] || (ytcsi[n] = {tick: {},info: {}});},now: window.performance && window.performance.timing &&wi ndow.performance.now ? function() {return window.performance.timing.navigationStart + window.performance.now();} : function() {return (new Date()).getTime();},tick: function(l, t, n) {ticks = ytcsi.gt(n).tick;var v = t || ytcsi.now();if (ticks[l]) {ticks['_' + l] = (ticks['_' + l] || [ticks[l]]);ticks['_' + l].push(v);}ticks[l] = v;},info: function(k, v, n) {ytcsi.gt(n).info[k] = v;},setStart: function(s, t, n) {ytcsi.info('yt_sts', s, n);ytcsi.tick('_start', t, n);}};(function(w, d) {ytcsi.setStart('dhs', w.performance ? w.performance.timing.responseStart : null);var isPrerender = (d.visibilityState || d.webkitVisibilityState) == 'prerender';var vName = (!d.visibilityState && d.webkitVisibilityState)? 'webkitvisibilitychange' : 'visibilitychange';if (isPrerender) {ytcsi.info('prerender', 1);var startTick = function() {ytcsi.setStart('dhs');d.removeEventListener(vName, startTick);};d.addEventListener(vName, startTick, false);}if (d.addEventListener) {d.addEventListener(vName, functi on() {ytcsi.tick('vc');}, false);}var slt = function(el, t) {setTimeout(function() {var n = ytcsi.now();el.loadTime = n;if (el.slt) {el.slt();}}, t);};w.__ytRIL = function(el) {if (!el.getAttribute('data-thumb')) {if (w.requestAnimationFrame) {w.requestAnimationFrame(function() {slt(el, 0);});} else {slt(el, 16);}}};})(window, document);var ytcfg = {d: function() {return (window.yt && yt.config_) || ytcfg.data_ || (ytcfg.data_ = {});},get: function(k, o) {return (k in ytcfg.d()) ? ytcfg.d()[k] : o;},set: function() {var a = arguments;if (a.length > 1) {ytcfg.d()[a[0]] = a[1];} else {for (var k in a[0]) {ytcfg.d()[k] = a[0][k];}}}};ytcfg.set("EXPERIMENT_FLAGS", {"log_web_screen_end":true,"enable_docked_chat_messages":true,"live_chat_replay_milliqps_threshold":5000,"enable_playlist_visibility":true,"enable_more_related_ve_logging":true,"live_chat_top_chat_window_length_sec":4,"desktop_polymer_video_masthead_mute_ad_support":true,"desktop_notification_high_priority_ignore_push":true,"g feedback_for_signed_out_users_enabled":true,"web_gel_lact":true,"autoplay_pause_sampling_fraction":0.0,"watch_next_pause_autoplay_lact_sec":4500,"youtubei_for_web":true,"enable_afv_div_reset_in_kevlar":true,"web_system_health_fraction":0.01,"live_chat_increased_min_height":true,"retry_web_logging_batches":true,"web_always_load_chat_support":true,"desktop_pyv_on_watch_via_valor":true,"ad_to_video_use_gel":true,"enable_webcam_scheduling":true,"live_chat_message_sampling_rate":4.0,"enable_wta_classic_search_pyv":true,"desktop_videowall_companion_wta_support":true,"autoplay_pause_by_lact_sampling_fraction":0.0,"use_webrtc_ingestor_handshake":true,"live_chat_flagging_reasons":true,"desktop_pyv_on_watch_override_lact":true,"desktop_classic_video_masthead_wta_support":true,"webcam_prefer_vp9":true,"enable_desktop_polymer_video_masthead_upgrade":true,"botguard_periodic_refresh":true,"desktop_notification_set_title_bar":true,"enable_webcam_scheduling_hint":true,"desktop_polymer_video_masthea d_always_use_responsive_iframe":true,"desktop_shopping_companion_wta_support":true,"very_optimistically_create_gel_client":true,"lact_local_listeners":true,"remove_web_visibility_batching":true,"autoescape_tempdata_url":true,"is_browser_supported_for_live_studio_streaming":true,"optimistically_create_transport_client":true,"html5_serverside_pagead_id_sets_cookie":true,"enable_html5_conversion_ve_reporting":true,"use_push_for_desktop_live_chat":true,"attach_child_on_gel_web":true,"live_chat_inline_moderation":true,"interaction_logging_on_gel_web":true,"web_android9_useragent_fix":true,"service_worker_scope":"\/","is_browser_support_for_webcam_streaming":true,"desktop_image_companion_wta_support":true,"service_worker_push_home_page_prompt":true,"live_chat_flash_money_button_on_super_chat_delivery":true,"service_worker_push_enabled":true,"desktop_polymer_video_masthead_session_tempdata_ttl":30,"player_external_control_on_classic_desktop":true,"service_worker_push_home_only":true,"enabl e_watch_next_pause_autoplay_lact":true,"same_domain_static_resources_desktop":true,"service_worker_push_force_notification_prompt_tag":"1","live_chat_top_chat_split":0.5,"clear_web_implicit_clicktracking":true,"service_worker_push_watch_page_prompt":true,"service_worker_push_logged_out_prompt_watches":-1,"desktop_polymer_video_masthead_wta_support":true,"player_swfcfg_cleanup":true,"web_logging_max_batch":20,"interaction_click_on_gel_web":true,"enable_desktop_polymer_video_masthead":true,"use_watch_fragments2":true,"service_worker_enabled":true,"live_chat_replay":true,"enable_creator_highlights":true,"log_web_meta_interval_ms":0,"log_vis_on_tab_change":true,"live_chat_use_new_default_filter_mode":true,"desktop_companion_wta_support":true,"cancel_pending_navs":true,"cold_load_nav_start_web":true,"enable_gel_web_client_event_id":true,"enable_classic_encoder_pointback":true,"consent_url_override":"","service_worker_push_prompt_cap":-1,"debug_forced_promo_id":"","interaction_screen_on_g el_web":true,"app_settings_snapshot_min_time_between_snapshots_hours":24,"enable_live_chat_paid_event_merged_queries":true,"service_worker_push_prompt_delay_ms":3888000000,"warm_load_nav_start_web":true,"service_worker_push_prompt_delay_microseconds":3888000000000,"enable_youtubei_innertube":true,"autoplay_pause_by_lact_sec":0,"desktop_pyv_on_watch_missing_params":true,"enable_webcam_dvr":true,"player_unified_fullscreen_transitions":true,"log_window_onerror_fraction":0.1,"desktop_action_companion_wta_support":true,"enable_classic_creation_menu":true,"enable_webcam_dynamic_poll_period":true}); Can International Law Change the World? - YouTube London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)121K subscribersSubscribeCan International Law Change the World?Watch laterShareInfoShoppingTap to unmute1:19:00If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.More videosFull screen is unavailable. Learn MoreShareInclude playlistAn error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later.Switch camera0:000:000:00 / 1:19:00Liveyt.setConfig({'EVENT_ID': "qyYFXIGyMtiSyAXar6y4Dg",'VIDEO_ID': "gH8yIqcG13c",'POST_MESSAGE_ORIGIN': "*",'BG_P': "vLq1CBUziF7f\/Q7uRCaN0EfYg7AzSWFV\/whvQn+9cD1H+t0NUDu2ghJS1LEYObZF2brIwum7YNNU8kvDx0WiazcLhnFG6eQsvTEEfv7MaMmWooGEN74ZEIgVhBfdbzQ+D8tqEyUzaoIhqudjINj4YpJXxVQLwpLOfUxT+vXr4pjoAjyBGaae66+y3IoYqStP0\/ykUpyK6VrU36HCt2pm\/DF32uDfGX\/XCaGBsjxi11kLt\/f8AnZNNYuhx8FcFT3IOX4xqDHLqqfrJ5wUqJWNsQUBWjPzCn0Z3ZA86PDWC4Kaz\/y84bwVS2OtLKCWQ\/bJUYgMW7lQ7q4SUXUD1CSsum8S8D687VL8V7Bcq28MAR8MBKi1HBUazD52NaH\/g9jzucFBAbaGrMzr3XKzlBffSoJptUdRqZf5PcR\/gdjeCmZI0pBm9EKMXVCbMZUlcYb1A+Ns4SgUSL0 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 3GmJ5tOZRSNuMCnsBHNDypd+XDSh4YEqQ74nKoYUWC5ECZrZo111SbhwBadyqHqBBRNM1ndf8FIESBZqhc5yPihIj7mK9tAaeACZLqPgfnAbZGk4XL6cwhqiQLK",'BG_IU': "\/\/www.google.com\/js\/bg\/YMzmnwYLVewpqNtAjl_uht1raXi6FifhyBWxdH8tpLc.js",'XSRF_TOKEN': 'QUFFLUhqbG01RzJwaVlDLWpTczFIek0zaHhJWEY4aW5WQXxBQ3Jtc0tsNE91Qk43dnNyVDRSTUFXcUo1WU9CYUNhb1dXTlItSFE3NVFTcG0tX3Z0RG5OQ2VxZ053YWJrSXJIWlZoLVBsTEpsZ0Z3SUE2b21WY29rbG55T01ONGlPaGZialNSUWRDeVRWNGZmMURsUjhlWDRWN09VbVc0QWZkX3ZNc25Xc1BJaFFfeHJLSDlPSEZxRVp0aFNwb010aGk5S3c=','XSRF_FIELD_NAME': 'session_token','EURL': "https:\/\/studymoose.com\/can-international-law-change-the-world-essay"});yt.setConfig({INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME: 56,INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_VERSION: "20181129",APIARY_HOST_FIRSTPARTY: "",XHR_APIARY_HOST: "youtubei.youtube.com",GAPI_HINT_PARAMS: "m;\/_\/scs\/abc-static\/_\/js\/k=gapi.gapi.en.BstDmEhpa_Q.O\/rt=j\/d=1\/rs=AHpOoo-oqKdOJIcyAi5YyA6pahSkp_ojsw\/m=__features__",INNERTUBE_API_VERSION: "v1",APIARY_HOST: "",INNERTUBE_API_KEY: "AIzaSyAO_FJ2SlqU8 Q4STEHLGCilw_Y9_11qcW8",'VISITOR_DATA': "Cgt1RGFtUGYxTktzNCirzZTgBQ%3D%3D",'DELEGATED_SESSION_ID': null,'GAPI_HOST': "https:\/\/apis.google.com",'GAPI_LOCALE': "en_US",'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_HL': "en",'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_GL': "UA",'XHR_APIARY_HOST': "youtubei.youtube.com"});ytcfg.set("ROOT_VE_TYPE", 16623);ytcfg.set("EVENT_ID", "qyYFXIGyMtiSyAXar6y4Dg");yt.setConfig({'PLAYER_CONFIG': {"assets":{"js":"\/yts\/jsbin\/player-vflBGiA6J\/en_US\/base.js","css":"\/yts\/cssbin\/player-vflDka7MU\/www-player.css"},"args":{"profile_picture":"https:\/\/yt3.ggpht.com\/-EZx-mtBjsmE\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAAAA\/_7e99nSoBIA\/s68-c-k-no-mo-rj-c0xffffff\/photo.jpg","loaderUrl":"https:\/\/studymoose.com\/can-international-law-change-the-world-essay","fexp":"23710476,23720702,23721898,23726564,23735278,23744176,23751767,23752869,23755886,23755898,23758141,23758658,23762649,23765548,23768787,23769829,23771142,23772104,23773375,23774008,23774947,23777955,23778983,23779331,23779735,23779891,23780686,23780686,2378 1156,23781581,9415425,9449243,9458110,9485000,9487165,9489038","apiary_host_firstparty":"","hl":"en_US","fflags":"html5_deadzone_multiplier=1.0\u0026html5_manifestless_accurate_sliceinfo=true\u0026html5_request_size_max_secs=31\u0026persist_text_on_preview_button=true\u0026interaction_click_on_gel_web=true\u0026defer_playability_status_fillers=true\u0026add_border_to_bulleit_mweb_skip=true\u0026mpu_visible_threshold_count=2\u0026html5_stop_video_in_cancel_playback=true\u0026bulleit_round_up_tsla=true\u0026html5_exile_broken_instances=true\u0026html5_incremental_parser_buffer_extra_bytes=16384\u0026html5_min_buffer_to_resume=6\u0026html5_manifestless_interpolate=true\u0026html5_optimality_migration=true\u0026enable_simple_preview_for_postrolls_html5=true\u0026bulleit_use_http_get_by_default_for_get_midroll_info=true\u0026html5_use_adaptive_live_readahead=true\u0026html5_suspend_loader=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_seek_latency_fudge=0.5\u0026bulleit_mimic_ima_player_api_calls= true\u0026html5_elbow_tracking_tweaks=true\u0026html5_manifestless_request_prediction=true\u0026html5_jumbo_ull_nonstreaming_mffa_ms=4000\u0026enable_prefetch_for_postrolls=true\u0026html5_minimum_readahead_seconds=0.0\u0026use_always_dimmed_skip_in_bulleit_web=true\u0026spacecast_uniplayer_decorate_manifest=true\u0026king_crimson_player_redux=true\u0026html5_get_video_info_timeout_ms=30000\u0026html5_max_headm_for_streaming_xhr=0\u0026use_refreshed_overlay_buttons=true\u0026enable_bulleit_lidar_integration=true\u0026html5_suspend_manifest_on_pause=true\u0026kevlar_miniplayer=true\u0026html5_serverside_call_server_on_biscotti_timeout=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_min_buffer_health_secs_on_timeout=0.1\u0026html5_request_size_min_secs=0.0\u0026html5_disable_vp8_only_browsers=true\u0026www_for_videostats=true\u0026disable_client_side_midroll_freq_capping=true\u0026use_new_style=true\u0026html5_vp9_live_blacklist_edge=true\u0026external_fullscreen_with_edu=true\u0026android_attes tation_flow=yt_player\u0026web_player_sentinel=true\u0026live_readahead_seconds_multiplier=0.8\u0026youtubei_for_web=true\u0026ad_video_end_renderer_duration_milliseconds=7000\u0026enable_bulleit_ve_single_clickthrough=true\u0026dynamic_ad_break_seek_threshold_sec=0\u0026process_extensions_in_vast_wrappers_for_survey_ads=true\u0026html5_readahead_ratelimit=3000\u0026tvhtml5_disable_live_prefetch=true\u0026unplugged_tvhtml5_video_preload_on_focus_delay_ms=0\u0026bulleit_update_tsla_cookie=true\u0026html5_manifestless_always_redux=true\u0026mweb_muted_autoplay=true\u0026html5_new_vis_fullscreen_and_airplay=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_target_buffer_health_secs=0.5\u0026html5_dont_predict_end_time_in_past=true\u0026html5_manifestless_synchronized=true\u0026html5_bmffparser_use_fast_read_string=true\u0026live_fresca_v2=true\u0026html5_ultra_low_latency_streaming_responses=true\u0026ad_to_video_use_gel=true\u0026html5_disable_move_pssh_to_moov=true\u0026html5_default_quality_cap= 0\u0026html5_platform_minimum_readahead_seconds=0.0\u0026bulleit_web_dim_skip_using_css=true\u0026html5_log_playback_rate_change_killswitch=true\u0026html5_reason_reporting_migration=true\u0026legacy_autoplay_flag=true\u0026safari_enable_spherical=true\u0026html5_stale_dash_manifest_retry_factor=1.0\u0026embed_new_info_bar=true\u0026postroll_notify_time_seconds=5\u0026embed_api_deprecation=true\u0026html5_desktop_vr180_allow_panning=true\u0026skip_restore_on_abandon_in_bulleit=true\u0026web_player_assume_format3_available=true\u0026android_early_fetch_for_autoplay=true\u0026web_player_response_multicamera_parsing_killswitch2=true\u0026ad_duration_threshold_for_showing_endcap_seconds=15\u0026mweb_bulleit_show_ad_top_bar_for_phones=true\u0026desktop_videowall_companion_wta_support=true\u0026html5_prefer_server_bwe3=true\u0026html5_msi_error_fallback=true\u0026enable_text_ad_overlay_link_fix=true\u0026web_player_music_visualizer_treatment=fake\u0026use_touch_events_for_bulleit_mweb=tru e\u0026sdk_ad_prefetch_time_seconds=-1\u0026html5_tight_max_buffer_allowed_bandwidth_stddevs=0.0\u0026html5_use_hasAdvanced_for_pbs=true\u0026html5_ignore_bad_bitrates=true\u0026html5_tv_bearer=true\u0026ima_disable_reset_active_media_load_timeout=true\u0026forced_brand_precap_duration_ms=2000\u0026html5_hls_min_video_height=0\u0026disable_client_side_midroll_freq_capping_nonpc=true\u0026html5_min_secs_between_format_selections=8.0\u0026show_countdown_on_bumper=true\u0026html5_request_sizing_multiplier=0.8\u0026bulleit_remove_client_side_midroll_reactivation=true\u0026html5_view_offset=0.0\u0026html5_peak_shave=true\u0026html5_incremental_parser_coalesce_slice_buffers=true\u0026html5_preload_media=true\u0026html5_disable_audio_slicing=true\u0026html5_av1_thresh=0\u0026disable_new_pause_state3=true\u0026html5_unrewrite_timestamps=true\u0026html5_live_abr_head_miss_fraction=0.0\u0026html5_expire_preloaded_players=true\u0026web_player_attestation_auth_headers=true\u0026delay_bulleit_me dia_load_timer=true\u0026html5_cut_vss_on_visibility=true\u0026fix_gpt_pos_params=true\u0026live_chunk_readahead=3\u0026stop_using_ima_sdk_gpt_request_activity=true\u0026segment_volume_reporting=true\u0026flex_theater_mode=true\u0026desktop_shopping_companion_wta_support=true\u0026html5_live_normal_latency_bandwidth_window=0.0\u0026ima_video_ad_with_overlay_class_logging_percentage=0.01\u0026call_release_video_in_bulleit=true\u0026use_forced_linebreak_preskip_text=true\u0026html5_repredict_interval_secs=0.0\u0026enable_html5_conversion_ve_reporting=true\u0026mweb_undim_skip_button_on_ad_pause=true\u0026html5_manifestless_captions=true\u0026defer_player_config_and_threed_deciders=true\u0026html5_aspect_from_adaptive_format=true\u0026web_player_housebrand_video_url_killswitch=true\u0026use_fast_fade_in_0s=true\u0026use_new_skip_icon=true\u0026web_player_sentinel_is_uniplayer=true\u0026bulleit_use_cue_video_to_reset_on_stop_ad=true\u0026html5_max_buffer_duration=120\u0026web_player_api _logging_fraction=0.01\u0026show_thumbnail_behind_ypc_offer_module=true\u0026html5_hls_initial_bitrate=0\u0026fast_autonav_in_background=true\u0026html5_hfr_quality_cap=0\u0026html5_request_size_padding_secs=3.0\u0026mweb_autonav=true\u0026deprecate_vss_dallas_cache=true\u0026html5_allowable_liveness_drift_chunks=2\u0026preskip_countdown_font_size=\u0026enable_bulleit_for_mweb=true\u0026bulleit_register_placements_in_order=true\u0026variable_buffer_timeout_ms=0\u0026html5_fallbacks_delay_primary_probes=true\u0026html5_shrink_live_timestamps=true\u0026low_engagement_player_quality_cap=360\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_require_whitelist=true\u0026html5_quality_cap_min_age_secs=0\u0026show_thumbnail_on_standard=true\u0026html5_enable_embedded_player_visibility_signals=true\u0026vss_dni_delayping=0\u0026html5_disable_subscribe_new_vis=true\u0026enable_mute_ad_endpoint_resolution_on_bulleit=true\u0026html5_vis_upgrades_are_resizes=true\u0026attach_child_on_gel_web=true\u0026autoplay_ti me=10000\u0026midroll_notify_time_seconds=5\u0026fixed_padding_skip_button=true\u0026allow_midrolls_on_watch_resume_in_bulleit=true\u0026html5_live_abr_repredict_fraction=0.0\u0026dash_manifest_version=5\u0026html5_license_constraint_delay=5000\u0026mweb_cougar_big_controls=true\u0026turn_down_serialized_player_request_for_bulleit_living_room=true\u0026desktop_image_companion_wta_support=true\u0026web_player_sentinel_launch=true\u0026html5_manifestless_no_redundant_seek_to_head=true\u0026html5_get_video_info_promiseajax=true\u0026html5_ad_no_buffer_abort_after_skippable=true\u0026preskip_button_style_ads_backend=\u0026bulleit_get_midroll_info_timeout_ms=8000\u0026html5_widevine_hw_secure_all=true\u0026html5_min_upgrade_health=0\u0026bulleit_block_player_pause_until_ad_start=true\u0026player_destroy_old_version=true\u0026dynamic_ad_break_pause_threshold_sec=0\u0026html5_player_autonav_logging=true\u0026html5_store_xhr_headers_readable=true\u0026use_html5_player_event_timeout=true\u00 26bulleit_send_engage_ping_on_companion_click=true\u0026enable_survey_ad_info_dialog=true\u0026send_html5_api_stats_ads_abandon=true\u0026html5_ignore_public_setPlaybackQuality=true\u0026mweb_add_ad_info_button_on_fullscreen_only_devices=true\u0026set_default_wta_if_missing_for_externs=true\u0026bulleit_use_video_end_cuerange_for_completion=true\u0026enable_live_premieres_vss_live_type_lp=true\u0026html5_probe_media_capabilities=true\u0026html5_adaptation_fix=true\u0026enable_overlays_wta=true\u0026html5_media_fullscreen=true\u0026enable_static_font_size_on_text_only_preview=true\u0026html5_post_interrupt_readahead=20\u0026html5_pause_video_fix=true\u0026player_external_control_on_classic_desktop=true\u0026playready_first_play_expiration=-1\u0026max_resolution_for_white_noise=360\u0026html5_webgl_disable_alpha=true\u0026kevlar_miniplayer_button=true\u0026html5_enable_non_diegetic=true\u0026html5_vp9_live_whitelist=true\u0026html5_bandwidth_window_size=0\u0026html5_streaming_xhr_prog ress_includes_latest=true\u0026use_ima_media_selection_in_bulleit=true\u0026mweb_cougar=true\u0026mweb_playsinline=true\u0026html5_waiting_before_ended=true\u0026html5_remove_pause=false\u0026use_full_timing_library=true\u0026html5_pipeline_ultra_low_latency=true\u0026html5_serverside_call_server_on_biscotti_error=true\u0026html5_probe_primary_delay_base_ms=0\u0026mweb_muted_autoplay_animation=shrink\u0026mweb_enable_instream_ui_refresh=true\u0026html5_fludd_suspend=true\u0026html5_playbackmanager_enable_notify_new_drm_info=true\u0026html5_widevine_robustness_strings=true\u0026html5_max_av_sync_drift=50\u0026allow_live_autoplay=true\u0026mweb_ios_handle_player_click_by_touch_event=true\u0026doubleclick_gpt_retagging=true\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_load_speed_check_interval=0.5\u0026bulleit_terminate_ad_when_ending_with_commands=true\u0026uniplayer_dbp=true\u0026html5_live_disable_dg_pacing=true\u0026html5_background_quality_cap=360\u0026html5_progressive_fallback=true\u0026html 5_background_cap_idle_secs=60\u0026bulleit_disable_preroll_release_on_dispose=true\u0026lasr_captions_holdback_counterfactual_id=0\u0026html5_min_readbehind_cap_secs=60\u0026mweb_playsinline_webview=true\u0026html5_streaming_xhr_optimize_lengthless_mp4=true\u0026tvhtml5_min_readbehind_secs=20\u0026log_playback_associated_web=true\u0026html5_pipeline_manifestless=true\u0026html5_variability_discount=0.5\u0026html5_qoe_bearer=true\u0026html5_qoe_intercept=\u0026html5_min_readbehind_secs=0\u0026html5_playback_data_migration=true\u0026html5_video_tbd_min_kb=0\u0026web_player_kaios_autoplay=true\u0026html5_live_pin_to_tail=true\u0026html5_default_ad_gain=0.5\u0026html5_seeking_buffering_only_playing=true\u0026html5_incremental_parser_buffer_duration_secs=1.5\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_min_buffer_health_secs=0.25\u0026html5_live_ultra_low_latency_bandwidth_window=0.0\u0026html5_jumbo_mobile_subsegment_readahead_target=3.0\u0026sdk_wrapper_levels_allowed=0\u0026bulleit_use_touch_event s_for_skip=true\u0026bulleit_publish_external_playback_events=true\u0026html5_restrict_streaming_xhr_on_sqless_requests=true\u0026html5_disable_preserve_reference=true\u0026kevlar_allow_multistep_video_init=true\u0026enable_overlay_hide_timer_fix=true\u0026enable_live_premiere_web_player_indicator=true\u0026html5_reattach_resource_after_timeout_limit=0\u0026vmap_enabled_living_room=true\u0026html5_no_placeholder_rollbacks=true\u0026html5_disable_non_contiguous=true\u0026website_actions_throttle_percentage=1.0\u0026html5_log_rebuffer_events=0\u0026html5_use_media_capabilities=true\u0026interaction_screen_on_gel_web=true\u0026html5_ad_stats_bearer=true\u0026bulleit_register_cue_range_events_before_ad_init=true\u0026html5_manifestless_shrink_timestamps=true\u0026bulleit_check_overlay_container_before_show=true\u0026html5_variability_full_discount_thresh=3.0\u0026html5_sticky_reduces_discount_by=0.0\u0026visibility_error_html_dump_sample_rate=0.01\u0026enable_afv_div_reset_in_kevlar=tru e\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_timeout_secs=2.0\u0026html5_subsegment_readahead_min_load_speed=1.5\u0026html5_dynamic_readahead_growth_rate=0.0\u0026html5_start_date_from_element=true\u0026skip_ad_button_with_thumbnail=true\u0026html5_live_4k_more_buffer=true\u0026html5_maximum_readahead_seconds=0.0\u0026html5_delay_initial_loading=true\u0026desktop_companion_wta_support=true\u0026html5_frame_accurate_seek_limit=3\u0026html5_new_seeking=true\u0026html5_adjust_effective_request_size=true\u0026html5_variability_no_discount_thresh=1.0\u0026provide_default_wta_reasons=true\u0026desktop_cleanup_companion_on_instream_begin=true\u0026variable_load_timeout_ms=0\u0026bulleit_extract_delayed_mpu_on_all_placement_init=true\u0026html5_no_shadow_env_data_redux=true\u0026html5_probe_secondary_during_timeout_miss_count=2\u0026html5_log_hls_video_height_change_as_format_change=true\u0026playready_on_borg=true\u0026player_unified_fullscreen_transitions=true\u0026html5_inline_video_quality_survey= true\u0026html5_max_readahead_bandwidth_cap=0\u0026fix_bulleit_cue_range_seek=true\u0026html5_parse_inline_fallback_host=true\u0026bulleit_use_video_ad_div_as_overlay_container=true\u0026html5_decode_to_texture_cap=true\u0026html5_probe_live_using_range=true\u0026html5_autonav_quality_cap=0\u0026html5_streaming_xhr_buffer_mdat=true\u0026html5_creativeless_vast_on_ima=true\u0026desktop_action_companion_wta_support=true\u0026html5_live_low_latency_bandwidth_window=0.0\u0026html5_connect_timeout_secs=7.0\u0026html5_tight_max_buffer_allowed_impaired_time=0.0\u0026html5_ignore_updates_before_initial_ping=true\u0026html5_serverside_biscotti_id_wait_ms=1000\u0026web_logging_max_batch=20\u0026html5_spherical_bicubic_mode=1\u0026html5_jumbo_ull_subsegment_readahead_target=1.3\u0026lightweight_watch_video_swf=true\u0026enable_bulleit=true\u0026html5_live_no_streaming_impedance_mismatch=true","avg_rating":4.9301310044,"short_view_count_text":"37K views","embed_config":"{}","xhr_apiary_host":"y outubei.youtube.com","allow_ratings":1,"cosver":"6.1","player_error_log_fraction":"1.0","title":"Can International Law Change the World?","cver":"20181129","origin":"*","length_seconds":4740,"rel":"1","cr":"UA","cbr":"Firefox","expanded_subtitle":"121K subscribers","channel_path":"\/channel\/UCK08_B5SZwoEUk2hDPMOijQ","innertube_api_key":"AIzaSyAO_FJ2SlqU8Q4STEHLGCilw_Y9_11qcW8","iurlmq":"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/gH8yIqcG13c\/mqdefault.jpg","c":"WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER","iurlhq":"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/gH8yIqcG13c\/hqdefault.jpg","adformat":null,"el":"embedded","subtitle":"37K views †¢ 27 comments","enablejsapi":"1","is_embed":"1","subscribed":false,"cos":"Windows","vss_host":"s.youtube.com","ssl":"1","iurl":"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/gH8yIqcG13c\/hqdefault.jpg","allow_embed":1,"eventid":"qyYFXIGyMtiSyAXar6y4Dg","host_language":"en","video_id":"gH8yIqcG13c","enablecastapi":"1","ucid":"UCK08_B5SZwoEUk2hDPMOijQ","innertube_context_client_version":"20181129","feature":"oembed"," expanded_title":"London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)","view_count":37249,"cbrver":"55.0","gapi_hint_params":"m;\/_\/scs\/abc-static\/_\/js\/k=gapi.gapi.en.BstDmEhpa_Q.O\/rt=j\/d=1\/rs=AHpOoo-oqKdOJIcyAi5YyA6pahSkp_ojsw\/m=__features__","innertube_api_version":"v1","apiary_host":"","is_html5_mobile_device":false},"params":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","bgcolor":"#000000"},"url":"","html5":true,"sts":17864,"attrs":{"height":"100%","width":"100%","id":"video-player"}}});writeEmbed(); ytcsi.info('st', 133);ytcfg.set({"CSI_SERVICE_NAME":"","TIMING_INFO":{"c":"WEB_EMBEDDED_PLAYER","yt_li":0,"yt_lt":"cold","cver":"20181129"}});;ytcfg.set({"TIMING_ACTION":"","CSI_VIEWPORT":true});; An error occurred.Try watching this video on www.youtube.com, or enable JavaScript if it is disabled in your browser. Source document