Is a mandatory moment of silence in public schools constitutional Term Paper

Is a mandatory moment of silence in public schools constitutional - Term Paper Example formulation. This effort is intended to give students reflection time without the influence of any specific religious orientation. The supporters of this position argue that this moment can be used by students to pray, meditate or study. Unfortunately, the result of this effort has served to obfuscate the matter rather than to clarify and set guidelines. Many argue that the mandatory moment of silence is nothing more than state-sanctioned prayer in disguise. Atheists and other â€Å"non-religious† advocates argue that there are other time periods in the course of a student’s day that can be set aside for this silence and, in fact, since personal prayer is something that can be done by students on their own time and without anyone knowing, why set aside a time during the official day for this purpose? Since the 1962 Engel vs. Vitale ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, different state courts have ruled in very different ways on the constitutionality of a public school’s mandatory moment of silence. For example, in 1976, the state of Virginia passed a law that allowed public schools to practice a one minute moment of silence. However, in 1985, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Wallace vs. Jaffree that the moment of silence was unconstitutional. Despite this, in 2000, the state of Virginia passed another law requiring public schools to observe a moment of silence every day. Since the 2000 action by the state of Virginia, other states have also enacted laws that allow students the opportunity to observe a moment of silence. To date, 12 states require that students be given the opportunity to exercise a moment of silence in public school classrooms. Further, in 20 other states, teachers are given the option to allow a moment of silence in their classrooms. In October 2000, the U.S. District Judge Claude M. Hilton, ruled that a â€Å"moment of silence†

Human Resources Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resources Questions - Coursework Example These barriers often prevented the access of women or needful people in the rightful-places such as in educational institutions or for employment. Affirmative action was the result of the slavery and the injustice done by the white race towards the Anglo-Americans. The citizens of America got opportunities of employment and education on the basis of their color code. The term affirmative action comes from the age old concept of equity or justice. The discrimination done between the black and the white and injustice of the ruling class of America in the twentieth century was the cause for affirmative order. After Barrack Obama became the president of America, it was felt that the affirmative action was no longer required. This is because it became clear from the fact that the citizens, the country and its governing body has understood the importance of providing equal opportunity to people round the world in their country for employment and for getting into educational institutions or other rightful places. This is the actual meaning of globalization (Rubio, 2001, p. 1-2). Generally it is seen that that the performance appraisal depends on the feedback of the employees or the superiors of the company, but the advent of teamwork, training and development of the employees and customer services have shifted the focus of collecting feedback just from employees and superiors to the customers, peer groups and even subordinates as shown in figure 1. This is also called multiple feedback approach for conducting performance appraisal and it is also called 360 degree evaluation. Several past research have shown that 360 degree method of evaluation is accurate, reliable and authentic source of information. In this method the supervisors, subordinates, peers, customers are included to assess the performance of an employee. Considering the organizational culture and the mission of the company,